Abstract
Simple SummaryAccording to the FAO, the world’s population will reach 9 billion by 2050, and in order to provide enough food, meat production must increase by 100% and food production by 70%. Furthermore, more than 80% of fresh water resources are being used for agriculture, and 40% of the total food produced annually, is wasted. One sustainable agricultural practice involves converting by-products from the food and agriculture industry into valuable biomass, such as black soldier flies. Black soldier fly larvae can feed on by-products, and convert them to protein, carbohydrates, and oil. Black soldier flies could be used for feed and food development using different processing methods including enzymatic hydrolysis.The effects of chemical protein extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase, papain and pepsin, on the functional properties, antioxidant activity, amino acid composition and protein structure of black soldier fly (H. illucens) larval protein were examined. Alcalase hydrolysates had the highest degree of hydrolysis (p < 0.05), with the highest hydrolysate and oil fraction yield (p < 0.05). Pepsin hydrolysates showed the lowest oil holding capacity (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed among other enzymes and protein concentrates (p > 0.05). The emulsifying stability and foam capacity were significantly lower in protein hydrolysates than protein concentrate (p < 0.05). The antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates from protein concentrate and Alcalase was higher than that with papain and pepsin (p < 0.05), owing to the higher hydrophobic amino acid content. Raman spectroscopy indicated structural changes in protein α-helices and β-sheets after enzymatic hydrolysis.
Highlights
The FAO has estimated that by 2050, the world’s population will reach 9 billion people, requiring food production to increase by 70% and meat production to increase 100% to meet global demands [1].current agricultural practices are not sufficiently sustainable to address food insecurity concerns, and despite efforts to address this concern, one in eight people globally are food insecure, and one in six American children may not know where their meal will come from
The highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) was achieved by Alcalase (18.4%), followed by papain (15.34%) and pepsin (9.8%), suggesting that Alcalase is the most suitable enzyme for the black soldier flies (BSF) protein hydrolysis process
This study evaluated the effects of three commercial enzymes—Alcalase, papain and pepsin—on the degree of hydrolysis, protein and oil fraction yields, functional properties, antioxidant activity, amino acid composition and protein structure of BSF larvae
Summary
The FAO has estimated that by 2050, the world’s population will reach 9 billion people, requiring food production to increase by 70% and meat production to increase 100% to meet global demands [1]. Current agricultural practices are not sufficiently sustainable to address food insecurity concerns, and despite efforts to address this concern, one in eight people globally are food insecure, and one in six American children may not know where their meal will come from. Meat consumption must be reduced by 70% to achieve sustainable food production systems and meet food security requirements [4]. Despite considerable progress in agricultural production, post-harvest practices and supply chain management, approximately 30–40%
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