Effects of Different Live Feeds on the Color Intensity, Growth Performance, and Survival of Koi Fish Fingerlings (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Background: An experimental study was conducted to examine growth performance and economic feasibility of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) and Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) vis-à-vis their improved strains viz. Amur carp and Jayanti rohu, in synchronously integrated rice-fish system at high altitude terraced paddy-fields (HATPF). Methods: The experimental fields were stocked with carp fingerlings (6.95±0.67 g) at a density of 0.6 no. m-2 having common carp (T1), rohu (T2), Amur carp (T3) and Jayanti rohu (T4) under monoculture system, common carp+rohu (T5) and Amur carp+Jayanti rohu (T6) under polyculture. The study period was 120 days (July to November, 2022). Result: The study recorded average weight gain of 55.72±5.58 g and 57.08±4.05 g in monoculture and polyculture systems, respectively. Amur carp performed significantly better (p less than 0.05) than other species/strains. Survival rate ranges from 72% to 85% with Amur carp and common carp recorded higher survival than rohu and its strain. Through integration, about 243.2 to 350 kg ha-1 of fish can be produced without supplementary feed and earn about Rs. 60,800 to Rs. 87,500 ha-1 in a single crop. Amur carp and common carp were found more suitable for rearing in integrated rice-fish culture system at HATPF.

The study was carried out for 90 days in floating net cages installed at Maithon Reservoir, Jharkhand, India, with the aim of assessing the growth performance and survival of Amur carp fry at varied stocking densities. The Amur carp seed (4.38±0.19 cm and 2.08±0.28 g) was raised in galvanised iron (GI) cages at three stocking densities (SD) of 100, 200 and 300 nos. m3, i.e., SD 100, SD 200 and SD 300 were considered as low, medium and high stocking densities. The stocked fish were fed with commercial floating pellets containing 32% crude protein and 4% crude fat, at a rate of 5-3% of their body weight, twice daily (at 10:00 and 16:00 hrs). The water quality parameters were checked from within the cage and at distances of 50 and 100 m from the cages at on a monthly basis. The results of this study demonstrated that stocking density had a significant impact on the growth performance and survival rate of Amur carp. The growth attributes, comprising weight gain (WG), absolute growth rate (AGR), and specific growth rate (SGR), were considerably higher at a lower stocking density of SD 100 compared to a higher stocking density of SD 300. Lower-density (SD 100) exhibited greater feed efficiency and effective feed utilisation compared to SD 300. No significant difference was observed in condition factor (K) among the treatments. The findings of the current investigation indicated that the stocking densities of 100 and 200 numbers m-3 showed no significant variations in terms of feed utilisation, growth, or survival. The results of the present study showed that stocking densities ranging from 100 to 200 numbers m-3 may be optimal for the higher growth performance and survival of Amur carp in inland cages. The viability of rearing Amur carp in cages for nursery purposes was investigated for the first time, in this study. Keywords: Amur carp, Cage culture, Growth, Species diversification, Stocking density

This study aimed to assess the ameliorative dietary effect of vitamin-C against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced toxicity on growth and haemato-biochemical parameters in Amur carp. A total of 150 fish (average body weight 169 ± 0.69 g) were randomly distributed into five groups (with three triplicates) including G1 (control); G2 (NaF exposure @100 ppm); G3 (vitamin-C supplemented diet @100 ppm); G4 (both NaF exposure @100 ppm and vitamin-C supplemented diet @100 ppm) and G5 (NaF exposure @100 ppm for 60 days and then vitamin-C supplemented diet @200 ppm for last 30 days). Results revealed that growth and hemato-biochemical profile was best in G3 in comparison with G1, whereas groups G2, G4 and G5 have shown retarded growth, a decrease in Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Serum-biochemical parameters were found optimum in G3 as compared with G1 and in groups of G2, G4 and G5, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, and triglyceride levels decreased significantly, whereas creatinine, AST and ALT levels increased significantly. In G4, toxicity was less severe in comparison with G2, whereas in G5, after the dietary supplementary of vitamin-C, parameters have shown a bend towards the normal values. Thus, it can be concluded that vitamin-C has ameliorative action against fluoride toxicity in fish.

Feeding is a critical factor for both cultured and ornamental fish species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of live brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) on the growth and biochemical composition of fish. In the present study, sixty days feeding trail was conducted on the growth performance of ornamental fish, koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). The type of food such as live feed, nutrient-enriched prepared feed and commercial feed exerted a significant impact on the growth and body composition of fish. The specific growth rate is high in live brine shrimp fed fishes followed by prepared food. After 60 days experiment showed that the maximum length and weight of live brine shrimp fed fishes were 7.5 ± 0.9 cm and 5.3 ± 1.7 gm, respectively. The survival rates of the fish were 100 % under all feeding groups. The biochemical profiles of the fish varied significantly between the different feeding regimes. These results suggest that live feed is more effective than pelletized feed for ornamental fish culture.

This study evaluated the impact of Spirulina-supplemented feed on the growth performance of koi fingerlings (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) over a 5-week period. The experiment aimed to compare the effects of control feed (T1) and Spirulina-supplemented feed (T2) on key growth metrics, including weight gain, daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR), relative weight gain (RWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). A total of 15 fingerlings were randomly assigned to two groups, with each group receiving either regular feed or feed supplemented with 1 g/kg of Spirulina. Results showed that the Spirulina-fed group (T2) demonstrated superior performance, achieving a cumulative weight gain of 12.83 g and DWG of 3.49 g/day by the end of the study, compared to 5.88 g and 0.14 g/day, respectively, in the control group (T1). While the SGR improvement was minor, with T2 peaking at 0.15% and T1 at 0.12%, the RWG of the Spirulina group (46.99%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (15.31%). However, the enhanced growth came at the expense of feed efficiency, as the FCR for T2 was 2.14, compared to 1.07 in T1. These findings suggest that Spirulina supplementation enhances growth performance and nutrient utilization, though it requires higher feed input for similar efficiency. The study concludes that Spirulina can be an effective dietary supplement for aquaculture to improve productivity, particularly when rapid growth is prioritized.

Growth is the process of increasing the number of cell protoplasm in an organism accompanied by an increase in size, weight and number of cells that cannot return to their previous state. One of the factors that influence the growth of koi carp is feed. Good feed is feed that can meet the nutritional needs of the koi carp. The addition of tapioca flour in the feed formula, which contains artificial feed, tapioca flour, and water in the koi carp feed, is one of the proper steps because of the increase in carbohydrate doses that can support the growth of the koi carp. This study aims to determine the benefits of adding tapioca flour to the artificial feed of the koi carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) and to determine the effect and the most appropriate dose of adding tapioca flour to the artificial diet of the koi carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ). The research method used is a quantitative research method accompanied by direct observation and analysis of research data, which is also accompanied by a literature study method from previous studies to support the findings in the research results. The results showed that the more feed formula was given, the faster the growth of the koi carp produced. But must be accompanied by the right dose, which is 8 grams of feed formula once a day. While the benefits of adding tapioca flour in carp feed are increasing carp production, prolonging goldfish life expectancy, increasing efficiency and nutritional content in carp feed, increasing carp appetite accompanied by increased growth. Keywords: Goldfish Koi, Growth, Feed, Carbohydrates, Tapioca Starch

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PLASTIC ATTRIBUTES OF DIFFERENT CARP KOI FORMS (CYPRINUS CARPIO KOI)

Investigation of the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum as a probiotic on liver function enzymes due to exposure to E.coli O157H7 in Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)

Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) are ornamental fish with high economic value, but their cultivation is constrained by the supply of quality seeds. Poor aquatic environments and high fish density can cause parasitic infections that weaken immunity and cause stress and infection in fish. This study aims to determine the types of parasites, prevalence, intensity and dominance that attack koi fish. This study used a survey method. The primary data taken were the total length and weight of the fish, the type and number of parasites, and water quality (temperature, pH, DO and ammonia). The koi fish used were the result of self-cultivation at Andar Fish Farm Lingsar as many as 20 samples. The results showed 3 types of parasites found attacking koi fish samples, namely Dactyrogirus sp., Argulus sp., and Oodinium sp. The prevalence rate of parasites found attacking koi fish samples from the four sampling ponds ranged from 20 - 100%, falling into the category of frequent infections to always infections, then the level of parasite intensity found ranged from 1 - 16.4 individuals/tail with a low to moderate category, then the level of parasite dominance was 98.2% Dactyrogirus sp., 1.3% Argulus sp. and 0.44% respectively. Oodinium sp.

A 90 days experiment was designed to assess the growth and osmoregulatory response of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp) in inland saline water of sub-humid and semi-arid/ arid zones of Haryana, India. Two hundred forty fingerlings (avg. wt. 3.48±0.272 g) were equally distributed in 4 treatment groups (salinities; control C, 0 ppt; T1, 5 ppt; T2, 10 ppt and T3, 15 ppt) with 3 replicates in 500 L tanks followed by complete randomized design (CRD). There were no significant differences observed in physico-chemical parameters of water among different treatments and found in optimum range throughout the experimental period. The parameters, viz. total alkalinity, hardness (total, calcium and magnesium) and concentration of ions were varying with the salinity and displayed increasing trend with increase in salinity. At the end of experiment, 100% survival was obtained upto 5 ppt whereas decreasing trend was found with increasing salinity (T2 and T3). There was highest% weight gain obtained in control group followed by T1, T2 and T3 groups. The highest specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) along with lowest food conversion ratio (FCR) was reported in control group followed by T1 and T2 groups, while lowest SGR, PER and highest FCR were reported in T3 group. Serum and water osmolality showed significant increasing trend with increasing salinity, while osmoregulatory capacity was decreasing with increase in salinity. Based on the findings, it is suggested that Amur carp can be cultured with 100% survival up to 5 ppt with slightly lower production rate.

Koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) are an invasive fish that has caused significant ecological impacts to freshwater ecosystems around the world. Current detection methods such as observation, netting, electrofishing, and environmental DNA can be time-, labour-, and cost-intensive, especially when fish densities are low. Evaluation of water samples for invasive fish by scent detection dogs could offer a more efficient method of detection. However, the odour profiles of such samples are likely unstable, and without effective preservation from the time of collection to the time of analysis by dogs, samples could degrade, making the target scent less recognisable to dogs. The aim of this study was to determine whether refrigeration (4°C), freezing (-18°C), or the addition of potassium sorbate (1.7 mM) could be used to preserve scent in water samples assessed by dogs. An ABACADA reversal design was employed. The dogs performed a baseline evaluation (A) of unpreserved water samples from aquaria containing carp (target scent; n = 7), goldfish (Carassius auratus; non-target distractor scent; n = 5), or no fish (non-target scent; n = 5) before preservation treatments were applied to the samples. The treatment phases (B = refrigeration, C = frozen, and D = dark cupboard with potassium sorbate) involved applying a preservation method to carp, goldfish, or no-fish water samples 7 or 8 days prior to assessment by the dogs. There was weak evidence that refrigeration impaired the dogs’ detection performance. In contrast, once stability criteria had been met, detection performances on frozen or potassium sorbate preserved samples were similar to or returned back to baseline levels. These findings suggest that freezing and potassium sorbate were effective in retarding scent degradation over the storage period and have the potential to be used as preservatives for water samples awaiting assessment by scent detection dogs. If laboratory-based canine scent detection becomes an invasive fish detection method, the use of dogs could prove more time- and cost-efficient than current detection methods.

Background:Koi fish (Cyprinus rubrofuscus), which are celebrated for their vibrant colors and cultural significance, are also valued in the ornamental fish industry. Despite extensive research on fish sensory biology, specific studies on taste buds in koi, especially among different ornamental varieties, are limited.Aim:This study aimed to analyze the anatomical structure and distribution of taste buds in the palatal organs of six popular koi varieties in Indonesia: Kohaku, Shiro, Showa, Sanke, Platinum, and Ogon.Method:Eighteen koi fish, three of each variety and aged 4–6 months, were examined using histological techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Results:Although no macroscopic or histological differences were observed in the palatal organs across varieties, significant variation in taste bud density was noted. The Ogon variety exhibited the highest average taste bud density (23.95 ± 7.03), whereas the Shiro variety had the lowest (17.03 ± 5.26). Conclusion:Statistical analysis revealed that taste bud density significantly differed among varieties, with the Ogon variety having a notably higher density than the Shiro and Sanke. These findings suggest that selective breeding of ornamental traits may affect sensory function.

This study aims to evaluate the financial performance of the koi fish farming industry (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) in Indonesia through a selective breeding program. Data collected between 2021 and 2024, covering business development, operational costs, investment costs, and capital estimates, was obtained from 24 koi fish farming businesses in the Java region. Businesses using genetic screening aim to reduce financial disparities, which is different from traditional aquaculture methods. The analysis's results indicate that the implementation of the selective breeding program in a scientific manner yielded a higher profit margin of 34.2% than the traditional method, which only reached 18.7%. Although the initial investment is more substantial (about Rp28,5 million per hectare), the time frame required to pay for the investment is more efficient, i.e., between 18 and 24 months. The price of koi fish is higher than the market price, possibly reaching 2.8% of the price of koi fish, with the selling price per tail ranging from Rp450,000 to Rp1,200,000. In addition, there was a 15% increase in feed efficiency and a 3% decrease in mortality, which means a 7.8% reduction. Thus, this selective breeding program can improve koi farming production and sales performance by applying genetic technology, which can help overcome the financial crisis in the aquaculture sector in developing countries.

The adaptation of fish to low temperatures is the result of long-term evolution. Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) survives low temperatures (0-4°C) for six months per year. Therefore, we chose this fish as a model organism to study the mechanisms of cold-adaptive responses using high-throughput sequencing technology. This system provided an excellent model for exploring the relationship between evolutionary genomic changes and environmental adaptations. The Amur carp transcriptome was sequenced using the Illumina platform and was assembled into 163,121 cDNA contigs, with an average read length of 594 bp and an N50 length of 913 bp. A total of 162,339 coding sequences (CDSs) were identified and of 32,730 unique CDSs were annotated. Gene Ontology (GO), EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to classify all CDSs into different functional categories. A large number of cold-responsive genes were detected in different tissues at different temperatures. A total of 9,427 microsatellites were identified and classified, with 1952 identifying in cold-responsive genes. Based on GO enrichment analysis of the cold-induced genes, “protein localization” and “protein transport” were the most highly represented biological processes. “Circadian rhythm,” “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum,” “endocytosis,” “insulin signaling pathway,” and “lysosome” were the most highly enriched pathways for the genes induced by cold stress. Our data greatly contribute to the common carp (C. carpio) transcriptome resource, and the identification of cold-responsive genes in different tissues at different temperatures will aid in deciphering the genetic basis of ecological and environmental adaptations in this species. Based on our results, the Amur carp has evolved special strategies to survive low temperatures, and these strategies include the system-wide or tissue-specific induction of gene expression during their six-month overwintering period.

The effect of fermented drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves on the growth and health of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) was studied. Five iso-nitrogenous (CP 34%) and iso-calorie (360 Kcal 100 g-1) diets were formulated. Diet T0 had conventional feed ingredients, while T1, T2, T3 and T4 had fermented moringa leaf powder at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively replacing equivalent GNOC. Amur carp fry (1.17±0.05g) were reared in triplicate in 200 l FRP tank with aeration, feeding and siphoning. At the end fishes were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The T4 group had significantly (p<0.05) highest weight gain (513.6%), specific growth rate (2.01), feed efficiency ratio (0.55) and protein efficiency ratio (1.64). A gradual increase in weight gain with increase in the level of fermented moringa leaf powder was noticed, recording a 177% increase in weight gain in T4 compared to T0. After the challenge study, lowest mortality rates (10%) were observed in T3 and T4. Hence, fermented moringa leaf powder can be incorporated up to 20% in Amur carp diets to improve growth, survival and health of the fish.