Effects of chitosan on experimental abscess with Staphylococcus aureus in dogs.

Effects of dietary administering chitosan on growth performance, jejunal morphology, jejunal mucosal sIgA, occluding, claudin-1 and TLR4 expression in weaned piglets challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

To evaluate the efficacy of topical chitosan powder in reducing postoperative vaginal bleeding following a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). In this randomized controlled trial, patients who underwent LEEP were randomly assigned (1:1) to the chitosan group, in which the wound area was sprayed with chitosan powder using a spray pump, or the control group. The primary outcome was the median quantity of vaginal blood lost in the early postoperative period (defined as within 6 h of the procedure). The 124 women enrolled in the study were randomly divided into control (n = 61) and chitosan (n = 63) groups. The median amount of vaginal blood loss during the early postoperative period was significantly lower in the chitosan group than in the control group (198.85 [64.4-388.57] mL vs. 250.60 [67.7-552.87] mL; P < 0.001). The rate of late postoperative bleeding requiring hemostatic intervention was also lower in the chitosan group than in the control group (3.2% vs. 16.4%; P = 0.013). Superior cervical wound healing in the chitosan group compared to the control group was also observed. The application of chitosan powder to the cervical wound bed can improve surgical outcomes by decreasing post-LEEP vaginal bleeding and facilitating the healing of cervical wounds.

Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide with immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, has shown promise in enhancing tissue repair. While 5% minoxidil remains the standard treatment for androgenetic alopecia, interest in non-hormonal or adjunctive therapies such as chitosan is growing. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of topical 2% chitosan applied after microneedling in comparison with 5% topical minoxidil and a no-treatment control group in patients with androgenetic alopecia or diffuse hair loss. A prospective, controlled study enrolled 30 patients (aged 22-58y), randomized equally into 3 groups (n=10 each): (1) microneedling followed by 4mL of 2% chitosan (Chitosan group), (2) twice-daily application of 5% topical minoxidil (Minoxidil group), and (3) untreated control (Control group). Treatments continued for 6 months. Primary outcomes included trichoscopic hair density and hair shaft diameter; secondary outcomes included patient satisfaction scores and adverse events. A representative scalp biopsy from the chitosan group was evaluated histologically. After 6 months, both the chitosan and minoxidil groups demonstrated significant increases in mean hair density compared with the control group (+30.5% and +22.3%, respectively; P=0.032 and P=0.048). Although the chitosan group showed a numerically greater improvement than the minoxidil group, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.62). Hair shaft diameter and patient satisfaction scores improved in both treatment groups. No meaningful changes were observed in the control group. Mild, transient erythema occurred in 3 patients (1 in the chitosan group and 2 in the minoxidil group). Histologic analysis in a chitosan-treated subject showed increased follicular density and improved dermal matrix organization. In this small controlled study, microneedling followed by topical 2% chitosan resulted in significant improvements in hair growth parameters compared with no treatment, and outcomes were generally comparable to those observed with 5% minoxidil. While these results are promising, the small sample size limits definitive conclusions regarding comparative efficacy. Larger, adequately powered trials are warranted to confirm these preliminary findings and to better delineate the role of chitosan as a standalone or adjunctive therapy. Level II.

We sought to compare the preventive effects of mitomycin-C(MMC) and chitosan on intraarticular adhesion after knee surgery in rabbits. For this purpose, 48 New-Zealand rabbits were randomly and equally divided into MMC, chitosan, and control groups. Approximately 10 × 10 mm(2) of the cortical bone was removed from both sides of left femoral condyle and the cancellous bone underneath was exposed. The decorticated areas were topically treated with MMC and chitosan while control group was treated with physiological saline. The lower left limb was fixed in flexed position with Kirschner-wire for 4 weeks postoperatively. After 4 weeks, gross and histopathological examination, biochemical analysis, and fibroblast counts were performed on knee intraarticular adhesion in each group. The data show mild membrane-like fibrous intraarticular adhesion, presented in loose, in MMC group. There was moderate intraarticular adhesion in chitosan group while in controls; there was large-size compact fibrous tissue adhesion. Hydroxyproline contents and fibroblast quantity of MMC and chitosan groups were lower (P < 0.05) than that of control group. We, therefore, concluded that MMC and chitosan could prevent intraarticular adhesion of the knee in rabbits by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and reducing collagenous fiber formation while MMC had a better preventive effect than that of chitosan.

Different pharmacological agents are developed to control bleeding. However, it is critical for these agents to induce thrombin formation and have an effect on vasoconstriction, coagulation, and scaffold. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the agents' ability to stop bleeding properties on minor and major open bleedings after skin clefts, extracorporal injuries, traumatic cuts, spontaneous or surgical intervention besides scaffold properties. For this purpose, a new and authentic hemostatic agent, processed diatomite (PD) and the most preferred chitosan in the medical area were used to test blood stopping and scaffold effects in a rat femoral bleeding model. The samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results on blood stopping were shared. The current experimental study was conducted on rats. The effects of hemostatic agents on our femoral bleeding model were determined. In this study, 22 male Wistar albino rats weighing 158-215 g, were used. The rats were assigned randomly to three groups: control group (n=6), chitosan group (n=8), and PD group (n=8). Bleeding time, scaffold formation, weight differences, histopathological effect and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were performed. In our experimental model, weight loss was 5.0±1.3 g for the control group, 2.9±1.1 g for the chitosan group, and 2.7±1.0 g for the PD group, respectively. When weighed before and after the experiment, there was a significant change in weights of rats in chitosan, and PD groups regarding scaffold formation: it was complete for six rats (75%) and weak for two (25%) rats in chitosan group; however, it was complete for seven rats (87.5%) and weak for one (12.5%) rat in the PD group. Scaffold formation was significant for the chitosan and PD groups versus the control group (p=0.002). In our study, the scaffold formed by PD exerts appropriate porousness and contributes to fibrin formation and prevent re-bleeding. PD had a strong and significant scaffold effect. The effectiveness of PD to stop bleeding was equal to chitosan. Besides being natural, hemostatic agents should not induce cellular damage. We histopathologically demonstrated that PD was harmless for the natural structure of cells and vessels in the femoral site.

Purpose: In this study, a controlled-release drug delivery system loaded with piroxicam and methadone was synthesized and used subcutaneously in rats with experimental tibial defect, and healing were assessed histopathologically.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 100 adult female rats were randomly divided into five equal groups; control group, chitosan group, piroxicam group, methadone group, and piroxicam-methadone group. The morphological structure of the synthesized drug systems was studied by scanning electron microscope. In addition, the structure of the hydrogels was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and while releasing the hydrogels' gelation time, the release of piroxicam and methadone from the hydrogels was evaluated in vitro.&#x0D; Results: Histological results of the 3rd day of the study showed the lowest extent and severity of inflammation in the chitosan, piroxicam, and piroxicam-methadone groups, while on the 7th day, tissue inflammation and the extent of bleeding were lower in the piroxicam, methadone, and piroxicam-methadone groups than in the other groups. Evaluation of new bone formation on day 21 showed that the chitosan, piroxicam, and methadone groups had better repair than the other groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: It seems that in the control group that did not receive any treatment intervention, following the experimental bone defect, the highest inflammatory response was observed in histological examination and finally the weakest bone repair. On the other hand, the presence of piroxicam, methadone, and chitosan in the piroxicam-methadone group (all of which have anti-inflammatory effects) also seems to have a negative effect on the repair.

Introduction: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the main injuries of the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate leukocyte changes following implantation of a controlled drug delivery system of chitosan hydrogel loaded with selenium nanoparticles in rats with spinal cord injury.&#x0D; Material and Methods: For this purpose, 60 adult female rats with experimental thoracic spinal cord compression were divided into three equal groups: control group (did not receive any medication), chitosan group (received chitosan hydrogels), and nanoselnium group (received chitosan hydrogels containing selenium nanoparticles). Total and differential white blood cell count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured on days 3, 7, 21 and 28 after induction of spinal cord injury.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the total white blood cells and lymphocytes in the control group was significantly higher than the chitosan and nanoselnium groups in the various times. In addition, it was found that although in the chitosan group, a decrease in neutrophil population was observed, but in the nanoselnium group, the decrease in neutrophil population was significantly more than the other groups. Significant reduction of neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio on the third day of the study was also observed in the nanoselenium group compared to the other two groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: Implantation of chitosan hydrogel loaded with selenium nanoparticles controls the leukocyte response after spinal cord injury and thus potentially has a neuroprotective effect on spinal cord injury by controlling the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from the leukocytes.

To evaluate the periodontal tissue regenerative effects of a chitosan/collagen sponge applied to preclinical one-wall intrabony defects surgically created in beagle dogs. 4 x 4 mm one-wall intrabony defects were surgically created in the bilateral maxillary first and third, and the mandibular second and fourth premolars. The surgical control group received a flap operation only, while the buffer control group was treated afterwards with a phosphate-buffered saline/collagen sponge (CS) and the chitosan group was treated with a chitosan/cs. The subjects were killed 8 weeks after the operation, and a comparative histological examination was performed. The amount of junctional epithelium migration was 2.30+/-1.24 mm in the surgical control group, 1.49+/-1.25 mm in the buffer control group, and 0.26+/-0.59 mm in the chitosan group. A significant difference was exhibited only between the surgical control and the chitosan group (p<0.05). The amount of connective tissue adhesion was 0.68+/-0.60, 1.07+/-0.91, and 0.41+/-0.42 mm in the surgical control, buffer control, and the chitosan group, respectively. The amount of cementum regeneration was 1.42+/-0.49, 1.60+/-0.41, and 3.46+/-0.78 mm in the surgical control, buffer control, and the chitosan group, respectively. A significant difference was seen between the chitosan group and the rest (p<0.01). The amount of alveolar bone regeneration was 1.00+/-0.77, 1.52+/-0.37, and 2.43+/-0.44 mm in the surgical control, buffer control, and the chitosan group, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the chitosan group and the rest (p<0.05). The results demonstrate the beneficial effect of the chitosan/cs on the one-wall intrabony defects of beagle dogs. The inhibited apical migration of epithelium and the increase in the amount of new bone and new cementum suggest the potency of chitosan in inducing periodontal tissue regeneration.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of using the injection of Chitosan, Salvia injection, and Chitosan and Salvia in interventional fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) , and to determine the mechanism of Chitosan and Salvia injection in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of tubal adhesion and the promotion of tissue repair, for more effective method to prevent tubal adhesion and improve intrauterine pregnancy rate. Methods A total of 400 patients with tubal obstruction were randomly divided into the control group (n=100) , Chitosan group (n=100) , Salvia group (n=100) , and Chitosan and Salvia injection group (n=100). The control group was injected with liquid-releasing agent for anti-inflammatory treatment. The Chitosan group was injected with liquid-releasing agent for anti-inflammatory treatment, and then was injected with Chitosan to prevent tubal adhesion. The Salvia group was injected with liquid-releasing agent, and then was injected with Salvia. The Chitosan and Salvia injection group was injected with liquid-releasing agent, and then was injected with Chitosan and Salvia injection. The location of tubal obstruction and interventional FTR rate were determined during operation. The patency rate of hydrotubation in each group was followed up at 3 months after the operation. The pregnancy rate in each group was followed up at 12 months after the operation. Results There were 400 patients with a total of 800 fallopian tubes, including 316 tubal obstructions at isthmus portion and 364 tubal obstructions at interstitial portion. (1) Interventional FTR rate: The interventional FTR rate in the control group, Chitosan group, Salvia group, and Chitosan and Salvia injection group was 94.1% (159/169) , 97.1% (170/175) , 96.5% (166/172) and 98.2% (173/176) , respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups (P>0.05). (2) The patency rate of hydrotubation at 3 months after the operation: The patency rate of hydrotubation at 3 months after the operation in the Chitosan and Salvia injection group (90.9%, 160/176) , Chitosan group (88%, 154/175) and Salvia group (85.2%, 145/170) was significantly higher than that in the control group (73.9%, 125/169) , respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). (3) The patency rate of hydrotubation at 12 months after the operation: The patency rate of hydrotubation at 12 months after the operation in the Chitosan and Salvia injection group (85.2%, 150/176) , Chitosan group (81.7%, 143/175) and Salvia group (80% 138/172) was significantly higher than that in the control group (39%, 66/169) , respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The pregnancy rate at 12 months after the operation in the Chitosan and Salvia injection group (54%, 54/100) , Chitosan group (52%, 52/100) and Salvia group (49%, 49/100) was significantly higher than that in the control group (14%, 14/100). Conclusion Chitosan, Salvia injection, and Chitosan and Salvia injection can effectively reduce the recurrence of tubal adhesion after interventional FTR and increase the pregnancy rate. Using Chitosan and Salvia injection show less complication in patients during and after the operation, which has specific advantage in interventional FTR. Key words: Chitosan; Salvia injection; tubal obstruction; tubal recanalization; adhesion and prevention

Reduction of post‐traumatic neuroma and epineural scar formation in rat sciatic nerve by application of microcrystallic chitosan

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chitosan membrane on wound healing. The effect of chitosan membranes was evaluated in an experimental rat model. On day 0, circular full-thickness skin sections were excised from the scalps of rats. The wounds were then measured and the surrounding area tattooed. Rats were sacrificed either immediately after excision, or randomised into control and chitosan groups and followed up on day 3, 7, 14 or 21. Control group wounds were covered with Aquacel (wound dressing). Chitosan group wounds were covered with chitosan membranes and the wound dressing. Wounds and the distances between the tattooed marks were measured on follow-up, the wound sites were harvested and histologically examined, and serum interleukin (IL-4) levels were analysed. A total of 54 rats were examined and all time points included 6 control and 6 chitosan treated animals, except for day 0 which consisted of control animals only. On day 3, wounds in the chitosan group were significantly (p<0.05) smaller (60±6% versus 78±19% of the original wound area) than in the control group. Chitosan membranes were found to degrade at the wound sites between days 7 and 14. Leukocyte counts were lower in the chitosan group than in the control group on day seven (p<0.05). IL-4 levels were significantly higher on day 7 (p<0.001) and 14 (p<0.001) in the chitosan group. According to our results chitosan membrane may promote early wound healing, reduce inflammation and affect the IL-4 pathway, however, the membrane degrades at the wound site after day 7.

Objective: Incisional wounds caused by surgical interventions often result in complications, including infections. Chitosan is a promising material to promote healing. This study aimed is to determine the effectiveness of chitosan film as a periodontal dressing on the number of neutrophils and macrophages in chitosan film. Methods: This in vivo experimental study used 36 rats with 3 mm gingival incisions. Rats were divided into three groups: chitosan film (treatment), Ora-Aid (positive control), and placebo (negative control). Dressings were applied twice daily for seven days. Rats were euthanized on days 1, 3, and 7 for neutrophil analysis, and on days 3, 7, and 14 for macrophage evaluation. Results: The study showed that on day one, neutrophil counts were highest in the chitosan group, followed by the positive control, and lowest in the placebo group, with a significant difference (p&lt;0.05). Neutrophil numbers decreased in all groups over time. By days 3 and 7, there was no significant difference between the Ora-Aid and chitosan groups (p&gt;0.05). On day 3, macrophage counts were highest in the chitosan film group, followed by Ora-Aid and placebo, with a significant difference (p&lt;0.05). By day 7, no significant difference was found between the chitosan and positive control groups (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Chitosan film demonstrates a higher number of neutrophils and macrophages during the early stages of healing compared to placebo. Therefore, chitosan film may be considered a potential wound dressing material to accelerate the healing process.

Background: In maxillofacial surgery, critical size mandibular defects remain a challenging issue. There have been numerous attempts to improve mandibular defect healing. Recently, bone tissue engineering has provided many benefits in improving bone healing. Herein, we tried to investigate the effect of Mineralized plasmatic matrix (MPM) and Chitosan to enhance tissue healing and regeneration in mandibular bone defect. Methods: A mandibular bone defect of critical size was created in 45 New Zealand rabbits. There were three groups of rabbits: the MPM group, the Chitosan group, and the control group. Radiographical, histological, and immune histochemical evaluations were performed at 4, 8, and 12 post-operative weeks. Results: The MPM group demonstrated the highest degree of bone formation with uniform radio-opacity nearly like that of adjacent healthy parent tissue. While in the chitosan group, most of the defect area was filled with radio-opaque bone with persistent small radiolucent areas. The control group showed less bone formation than the MPM and chitosan group, with more radiolucent areas. Sections stained with (H&amp;E) demonstrated an increase in osseous tissue formation in both the MPM and chitosan groups. Staining with Masson’s trichrome revealed an increase in fibrous connective tissue proliferation in both the MPM and chitosan groups. In both the MPM and chitosan groups, nuclear factor kappa p65 was downregulated, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was upregulated. Conclusion: According to the current study, MPM and Chitosan may have beneficial effects on the healing of critical-sized mandibular bone defects.

To investigate whether chitosan application over colonic anastomosis line, provide reinforcement, and subsequently improve anastomotic healing. Forty eight Wistar albino female rats were used and were randomly divided into four groups, 12 rats in each: The control groups (1 and 3) received no further treatment. The experimental groups (2 and 4) received chitosan application over the colonic anastomosis. After sacrifying rats at the end of the experiment (either on day three or on day seven, depending on the group), colonic bursting pressure, a hihydroxyproline level and histopathologic characteristics of the perianastomotic tissue were examined. At three days, chitosan and control groups had similar values for histopathologically. On day seven, chitosan group had significantly higher mean score of collagenization (p=0.007) and a significantly higher bursting pressure (p=0.038). Our study emphasizes the positive effect of chitosan in the process of collagenation in colonic anastomosis healing.

To study the efficacy of different anti-adhesion agents used in preventing tubal obstruction after recanalization. Five hundred and eight patients with tubal obstruction were divided into 245 cases in control group, 108 cases in chitosan group; 113 cases in sodium hyaluronate group and 42 cases in lipiodol group. The patients in control group were injected with anti-inflammation agents after recanalization, while other groups were injected with chitosan, sodium hyaluronate or lipiodol at dose of 2 - 3 ml in every therapeutic group. The rate of location of tubal obstruction and tubal recanalization were recorded during operation. Then patients in every group were followed up on tubal patency after 3 months, and pregnancy rate after 12 months. Among 1016 fallopian tubes in 508 patients, there were 330 tubes occlusion at isthmus portion and 563 tubes occlusion at interstitial portion of fallopian tube. Thirty-seven fallopian tubes were ablated because of ectopic pregnancy, 86 fallopian tubes were unobstructed. (1) The recanalization rate were 95.7% (179/187) in chitosan group, 97.9% (191/195) in sodium hyaluronate group, 98.7% (75/76) in lipiodol group and 97.7% (425/435) in control group, which did not show statistical difference (P > 0.05). (2) The rates of tubal patency after 3 months of 91.7% (99/108) in chitosan group and 88.5% (100/113) in sodium hyaluronate group were significantly higher than 71.4% (30/42) in lipiodol group and 74.3% (182/245) in control group (P < 0.05). (3) The rates of intrauterine pregnancy after 12 months were 48.1% (52/108) in chitosan group and 41.6% (47/113) in sodium hyaluronate group, which were significantly higher than 23.8% (10/42) in lipiodol group and 24.1% (59/245) in control group (P < 0.05). Chitosan and sodium hyaluronate could be effective to prevent tubal obstruction after interventional recanalization and increase pregnancy rate.