Abstract
The effects of suspensions of cerium oxide nanoparticles sprayed onto marigold seedlings (Calendula officinalis L.) at concentrations between 50 and 3200 mg L−1 were studied. At concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L−1, the nanoparticles had a slight positive effect on some growth parameters, but at higher concentrations they caused severe oxidative damage. Activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and lipoxygenase increased from 400 mg L−1 upward, tyrosine ammonia lyase from 1600 mg L−1. Ascorbate and glutathione contents decreased from 400 mg L−1 upwards.
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