Abstract
Background: Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth, and may lead to severe periodontal destruction and even tooth loss. Streptococcus salivarius K12 (S. salivarius K12), one of oral probiotics, has been reported to be able to inhibit various potentially deleterious bacteria. This study was the first time to investigate the effects of S. salivarius K12 on ligature-induced periodontitis in mice. Methods: A silk ligature was tied around the second left maxillary molar to establish the model of periodontitis, and then, mice in group S. salivarius K12 were administered with S. salivarius K12 (2 x 109 CFU) twice daily for 30 d, the others were treated with isopyknic water. Results: Administration with S. salivarius K12 markedly decreased the anaerobic bacteria accumulation on the teeth, and it also considerably alleviated periodontitis-induced alveolar bone resorption and attachment loss. Moreover, S. salivarius K12 administration increased the relative species abundance of Gram-positive bacterium in oral cavity while decreased Gram-negative bacterium, as well as the diversity of the bacterial community. Conclusion: Oral administration of the probiotic S. salivarius K12 may mitigate the alveolar bone resorption and attachment loss of periodontitis by modulating the oral microbiota.
Highlights
A silk ligature was tied around the second left maxillary molar to establish the model of periodontitis, and mice in group S. salivarius K12 were administered with S. salivarius K12 (2 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)) twice daily for 30 d, the others were treated with isopyknic water
Exposure of the cementum and resorption of the lacuna were induced in the EP group (Figure 1(A)), while the administration of S. salivarius K12 could significantly alleviate those symptoms, such as the attachment loss and the alveolar bone resorption (Figure 1(A))
After evaluating the therapeutic effects of S. salivarius K12 on periodontitis, we envisaged the possible mechanism of action may be achieved by the adjustment of oral microbiota and its composition. 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing technology was used to analyze salivary flora to explore the possible mechanism, and the results showed that the amount of each kind of bacteria in the three groups was different, but the relative abundance of gram-positive anaerobes in the control group (Con) and S. salivarius K12 group were markedly higher than that of the EP group, while the relative abundance of gram-negative anaerobes decreased
Summary
Periodontal diseases comprise a wide range of inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting structures of the teeth, and may lead to severe periodontal destruction and even tooth loss. This study was the first time to investigate the effects of S. salivarius K12 on ligature-induced periodontitis in mice. Results: Administration with S. salivarius K12 markedly decreased the anaerobic bacteria accumulation on the teeth, and it considerably alleviated periodontitis-induced alveolar bone resorption and attachment loss. Conclusion: Oral administration of the probiotic S. salivarius K12 may mitigate the alveolar bone resorption and attachment loss of periodontitis by modulating the oral microbiota
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