Abstract
BackgroundThe risk for obesity-related diseases increases with the prevalence of obesity. In obesity, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue induce inflammation, causing adverse effects. Recently, adipokines such as apelin, visfatin, and chemerin have been studied. Long-term resistance training improves health in middle-aged women by improving metabolic risk factors, body composition, and muscle strength. However, there is still a lack of evidence on the association of apelin concentration with different exercise types in middle-aged obese women This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance exercises on apelin-12 and apelin-36 levels and thereby verify the effects of different exercise types in obese, middle-aged women.MethodsParticipants were middle-aged women aged 50–61 years, with no experience of systematic exercise in the last 6 months, and met the WHO obesity criteria for the Asia-Pacific region of waist circumference ≥ 80 cm and body fat percentage ≥ 30%. Subjects were selected and allocated to the aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or no exercise group by block randomization. Body weight, body fat, and body mass index were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Analysis of variance, the t-test, and Tukey’s post-hoc test were performed.ResultsA total of 24 participants were selected with eight participants in each group. Both aerobic and resistance exercises were effective in altering the physical composition, showing significant decreases in weight, waist circumference, BMI, and body fat. The aerobic and resistance exercise group showed a significant, positive change in apelin-12 levels.ConclusionsIn obese individuals, aerobic and resistance exercise were effective in improving obesity and reducing blood apelin-12 concentration, which is closely correlated with indicators of metabolic syndrome.Future research should focus on comparing the response of apelin to exercise in obese subjects treated with only dietary control and the response in the obese subjects of different ages and sex.Trial registrationNo. 1040917–201,506-BR-153-04, Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea (05 October 2018, retrospectively registered).
Highlights
The risk for obesity-related diseases increases with the prevalence of obesity
Obesity metabolically increases the risk of coronary artery disease, cardiovascular disease, and chronic illness and, in particular, is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome by increasing insulin resistance [5, 6]
Body fat increases rapidly and the basal metabolic rate decreases after menopause, which leads to increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome [8, 9]
Summary
Adipokines secreted from adipose tissue induce inflammation, causing adverse effects. Adipokines such as apelin, visfatin, and chemerin have been studied. Changes in adipokine secretion have been observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, and these proteins play a role in lipogenesis and lipolysis via glucose absorption and fat [10]. These hormones are related to appetite regulation, energy homeostasis, increased blood pressure, inflammation, and immune activity [11]. New adipokines, such as apelin, visfatin, and chemerin, have recently been discovered in ongoing research [14]
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