Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III, and IV and cytochrome c contain haem, which is generated by the insertion of Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) was reported to enhance haem production, leading to respiratory complex and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation. Here, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of ALA and SFC alone or in combination (ALA/SFC) on fibroblasts from 8 individuals with mitochondrial diseases and healthy controls. In normal fibroblasts, expression levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex subunits and corresponding genes were upregulated only by ALA/SFC. Additionally, the increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ATP levels in normal fibroblasts were more obvious after treatment with ALA/SFC than after treatment with ALA or SFC. OXPHOS complex proteins were enhanced by ALA/SFC, whereas OCR and ATP levels were increased in 6 of the 8 patient-derived fibroblasts. Further, HO-1 protein and mRNA levels were enhanced by ALA/SFC in all fibroblasts. The relative mtDNA copy number was increased by ALA/SFC. Thus, our findings indicate that ALA/SFC is effective in elevating OXPHOS, HO-1 protein, and mtDNA copy number, resulting in an increase in OCR and ATP levels, which represents a promising therapeutic option for mitochondrial diseases.
Highlights
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III, and IV and cytochrome c contain haem, which is generated by the insertion of Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) was reported to enhance haem production, leading to respiratory complex and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation
We previously reported that ALA supplementation in mice enhances cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and ATP production levels in liver, and ALA combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) administration upregulates the expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes III, IV, and V in white adipose tissues of diet-induced obese mice, resulting in
The protein levels of NDUFB8, UQCRC2, and MTCO1 were increased in the normal control cells cultured with ALA combined with SFC (ALA/SFC) in a concentration-dependent manner
Summary
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III, and IV and cytochrome c contain haem, which is generated by the insertion of Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) was reported to enhance haem production, leading to respiratory complex and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation. OXPHOS complex proteins were enhanced by ALA/SFC, whereas OCR and ATP levels were increased in 6 of the 8 patient-derived fibroblasts. Our findings indicate that ALA/SFC is effective in elevating OXPHOS, HO-1 protein, and mtDNA copy number, resulting in an increase in OCR and ATP levels, which represents a promising therapeutic option for mitochondrial diseases. We previously reported that ALA supplementation in mice enhances cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and ATP production levels in liver, and ALA combined with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) administration upregulates the expression of OXPHOS complexes III, IV, and V in white adipose tissues of diet-induced obese mice, resulting in Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan. We investigated the effects of ALA, SFC, or combined ALA/SFC administration on skin fibroblasts from individuals with mitochondrial diseases
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