Effectiveness of natural compounds against Gyrodactylus turnbulli parasites: Apex® Branchia

Introduction: Medicinal plants are rich in active substances and primarily have been used in the manufacture of many drugs. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants whichbelongs to the Lamiaceae family. Basil essential oil content (between 0.5 to 1.5 percent) varies according to climatic conditions of habitat location. Basilneeds a lot of water during growth period and it is very sensitive to water stress and shows wilting symptoms very soon after water shortage. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region which has little precipitation that is not enough for crop water requirements. Nowadays, the use of superabsorbent polymers is one of the ways to create sustainable agriculture and increase irrigation efficiency. They can store high water or aqueous solutions in root zone of plants and to reduce negative effects of drought stress. So, improvement of plant growth, increasing of irrigation intervals, reducing water loss and costs of irrigation is due to the application of superabsorbent polymers. Mucilages are also the herbal polysaccharides, soluble in water, and commonly include carbohydrates and can be used as hydrophilic polymers. The aims of this investigation were to study the effects of hydrophilic polymers on water use efficiency, morphological characteristics (dry matter, leaf area, and leaf number), essential oil quantity and yield of basil to harden plant to drought stress and to evaluate its potential to cultivate in arid regions. In addition, taking steps forward towards sustainable agriculture, by reducing the cost of agricultural production, helps protecting the environment. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted as a pot experiment at the department of Horticultural Science‚ college of Agricultural‚ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad‚ Iran, during 2012-2013.The research was set out in a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replications.Two hydrophilic polymer Stockosorb® (industrial) and malva leaf (herbal) with two application methods (mixed with soil, mixed with soil+root) at 4concentrations (0, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% w/w) were used. Leaf number, leaf area, dry matter yield, water use efficiency, essential oil quantity and yield were measured. Improved seeds of Ocimum basilicum var. Keshkeniluvelou were sown and seedlings were transplanted to the pots in four-leaf stage. Hydrogels were prepared and mixed with water after weighing the polymers according to determined concentration. After establishment, all pots were irrigated with a determined amount of water after reaching to the highest concentration (0.3%) of the wilting point. So, in this state in addition to the treatment at 0.3% treatment, lower levels (0.2% and 0.1%)were reached to wilting point earlierand were exposed to water stress. Results and Discussion: Superabsorbent polymers can by absorption of irrigation and rain water, prevent deep percolation of water and with decreasing irrigation interval and reduced water consumption and increase water use efficiency. The results showed that using Stockosorb superabsorbent polymer and malva leaf as herbal hydrophilic polymersare useful for water supply of the plant in water stress.Application of these substances on morphological characteristics, water use efficiency and basil oil, were superior to the control.According to the obtained results, malva leaf use in soil and roots in treatmentless than (0.1% and 0.2%)number and leaf area and higher than (0.3%)increased dry matter yield, water use efficiency and the essential oil quantity and yield. Stockosorb (0.2%) byboth applying methods increased dry matter yield and water use efficiency. Also Stockosorb (0.2%),soil application increased leaf number and area. The essential oil yield and quantity increasedwith use of Stockosorb in soil + root in for0.2% and 0.3% treatments, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the importance of cultivation of medicinal plants to provide conditions to increase essential oil yield and quantity at the same time, the best method used were malva leaf and Stockosorb with concentrations higher than (0.3%) and soil application methodor the use of both polymers with application method in soil + root in the moderate concentration (0.2%).For that purpose, we obtained favorable conditions for improving the morphological characteristics, water use efficiency and increasing the quantity and of essential oil yield in drought stress simultaneously. The results showed that natural compounds can be a good alternative for chemical compounds, but further experiments are needed for their commercialization.

In recent years, interest in herbal essential oil extracts for the treatment of nosemosis has steadily increased. The great importance of this study is in evaluating and validating the synergistic effect caused by the mixture of different herbal extracts. The aim of the study was to investigate through cage experiments and field studies the effect of mixed herbal essential oil extracts and to determine the most suitable application methods and doses of the product in the treatment of nosemosis. The duration of the experiments was three weeks. Results show that the herbal essential oil extract mixture (HEOEM) is effective on both Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, and on the two together (mixed infection). With respect to application methods, the results revealed that the most suitable method is spraying HEOEM with sterilized distilled water on adult bees and on both sides of frames; 500 µL per cage and 2,000 µL per frame were found to be effective doses of HEOEM in the experimental cages and hives. HEOEM can be a viable alternative to synthetic products in the immediate future as the contents are natural and have no toxic effect on honey bees.

Application of spectroscopy in herbal metabolomics

Nowadays, there is a growing interest concerning research on natural products, due to their complex biological potential, bioavailability, and above all, the lack of side effects. A number of researchers reported the therapeutic benefits of honey as well as of medicinal plants, pointing out their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential (Bogdanov, 1997; Cowen, 1999). In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of some natural products obtained from different areas of Northern Romania, twenty samples of honeydew honey, as well as ten vegetal extracts were studied for their antimicrobial activities on antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria isolated from animal pathology. The efficacy of honeydew honey samples and herbal extracts (alcoholic extracts and essential oils) were assessed by disk diffusion technique on various strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial activity was observed for both the honeydew honey samples and the herbal extractions, but the antimicrobial potential of some honey samples was considerably stronger when compared to the herbal extracts. Thus, only the honeydew honey was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains used for the testing. These results showed that natural products such as honeydew honey and herbal extracts could be considered for an alternative therapy in animal pathology and further studies are required to determine the bases and the mechanisms of action for the antibacterial activity.

Introduction: Acne is an infectious chronic inflammatory disorder occurring in skin's outer tissue and characterized by seborrhea, pimples, papules, comedowns and nodules based on severity. It can be caused by increased sebum production, abnormalities in epithelium, inflammation and microbiological reasons. Several natural active herbal compounds have been reported with anti-acne effects. Methods and Results: Various literatures containing the keywords including Anti-acne medicinal plants, Anti-acne herbal remedies, Anti-acne herbs have been extracted from different databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Among medicinal plants, Pinaceae, Berberidaceae, Asteraceae, Zingiberacea and Piperaceae families had shown anti-acne effects. Among the aforementioned families for example, Abies koreana essential oil has shown anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, ethanol extract of Ammannia baccifera and Berberis aristata had anti-bacterial effects on acne-induced microrganisms. Berberis vulgaris was also evaluated and its anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipogenic effects were confirmed. Also, Curcuma longa showed anti-oxidant effects that can be applied in acne therapy. Various herbal compounds from these medicinal herbs have been reported as anti-acne agents, due to their anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-sebum and anti-androgen effects. Chemical identity of these agents was confirmed as phenol derivatives, flavonoid and tannin compounds, e.g . Rhodomyrtone, Pulsaquinone, Hydropulsaquinone, Honokiol, Magnolol, Xanthohumor and lupulones. In this study, we classified and summarized these reports to identify the best effective herbal medicines for acne therapy. Conclusions: Nowadays herbal medicine and natural compounds provide valuable, effective and safe agents for the treatment of acne. According to the studies, there are numerous herbs and herbal compounds with anti-acne effects and they can be used as an alternative treatment against this inflammatory disorder. Key words: Acne, medicinal plants, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, natural compounds

This study evaluated the effects of hinokitiol (a natural antibacterial compound extracted from Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai) and an organic acid mixture (citrate content 50%) on ruminal fermentation. Antibacterial properties were examined by measuring minimal inhibitory concentration. Hinokitiol at 1.56µg/mL or an organic acid mixture at 1600µg/mL inhibited Streptococcus bovis growth. The combination of 0.78µg/mL hinokitiol and 200µg/mL of an organic acid mixture also inhibited S. bovis growth. Both hinokitiol and the hinokitiol and an organic acid mixture combination showed strong antibacterial properties on Gram-positive bacteria such as S. bovis, but relatively weak antibacterial activities on Gram-negative bacteria such as Megasphaera elsdenii. Three ruminally cannulated heifers were fed a bloat-producing diet containing barley, pelleted alfalfa meal, soybean meal and salt without long-cut roughage to investigate the ruminal characteristics in vivo. Feeding to heifers a bloat-producing diet containing 7.8mg/kg hinokitiol and 0.2% of an organic acid mixture significantly decreased the increase in stable ingesta volume. Hinokitiol or an organic acid mixture did not affect ruminal volatile fatty acids, protozoa and bacteria. These results suggest that a combination of hinokitiol and an organic acid mixture might reduce frothy bloat in cattle fed high-grain diets.

A multitude of phytopharmacological studies have pointed out the extraordinary biological potential owned by some herbal extracts (Ncube et al.; 2008). To establish the delimitations for their therapeutical use; the cytotoxic effect must be also taken into consideration (Gerald Muller and Axel Kramer; 2008). The aim of present research was to assess both the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of essential oils obtained from Thymus vulgaris; Salvia officinalis; Mentha piperita; Rosmarinus officinalis; Lavandula angustifolia and Mellisa officinalis. By determing the antibacterial activity (broth microdilution method) against the reference strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and; in parallel; the cytotoxicity on cultured canine leukocytes (viable cells count using Trypan Blue exclusion test); the biocompatibility index (BI) was established for each tested herbal extract. BI was defined as the ratio of the concentration at which 50% of the canine leucocytes were damaged and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). All herbal extracts displayed antibacterial potential; but also some of them proved to be highly cytotoxic to the canine leukocytes as a significant decrease in the final number of viable cells was observed. Still; in case of Mellisa officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils; the cytotoxic effect was absent for all the tested concentrations; indicating that these two essential oils could be used for their antimicrobial activity. However; further tests should be performed on their efficacy and side effects.

The poultry industry has achieved remarkable advancements in growth rates over the decades, primarily through antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Despite the benefits of AGPs, their use has sparked serious concerns regarding the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential residues in animal products, and their broader implications for human health. These challenges have prompted increased regulatory scrutiny and a shift toward alternative strategies, such as nutrition, for maintaining poultry health and productivity. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids as an alternative to AGPs on humoral immunity, lymphoid organs, interleukin-4, and Interferon-gamma gene expression. A total number of 270 one-day-old male Ross-308 were assigned to three groups: control diet, control diet plus flavophospholipol (600 mg/kg), or control diet plus an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids (KaroGut™; 1L/1000L in drinking water). Humoral immunity was assessed via antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). The weight of Fabricius and the spleen's bursa and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the jejunum were measured. Results showed that birds supplemented with essential oils and organic acids increased anti-SRBC and NDV antibody titers vs control (p<0.05). The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen as key lymphoid organs tended to be higher for essential oils and organic acids. IL-4 and IFN-γ expression in the jejunum were significantly higher in birds supplemented with essential oils and organic acids vs control (p<0.05). These findings suggest that an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids could enhance immunity and related key gene expression, offering a viable alternative to AGPs in broilers.

The present study was conducted to assess the effects of a mixture of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, immune system, major fecal volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microflora community in the weaned piglets. We also evaluated the antibacterial activity of the essential oil mixture on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Three hundred weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly divided into the following 3 treatment groups: basal diet (C), basal diet supplemented with the mixture of essential oils and organic acids (T1), and basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (T2). The mixture of essential oils and organic acids comprised of cinnamaldehyde (15%), thymol (5%), citric acid (10%), sorbic acid (10%), malic acid (6.5%), and fumaric acid (13.5%). In vitro studies showed that the mixture of essential oils extremely damaged the cell structure of pathogenic bacteria by deforming the membranes and disorganizing the intracellular components. In vivo studies revealed that diet supplementation with a mixture of essential oils and organic acids improved the final body weight and ADG of piglets (P < 0.05), increased the concentration of serum complement 4 (P < 0.05), and enhanced the fecal level of isovaleric acid (P < 0.05) compared with controls on day 28. Result of high-throughput sequencing revealed that: 1) a total of 1,177 and 1,162 observed taxonomic units (OTUs) were shared between all treatment groups on day 14 and 28, respectively; 2) the T1 exhibited higher (P < 0.05) beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac distance) than control and antibiotics treatment on day 28; 3) the samples in principle component analysis plot and tree of relative abundance were separated from each other based on dietary treatments and age; 4) Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most 2 dominate phyla; Lactobacillus and Streptococcus were the 2 top species among the recognized microbiota; 5) T1 had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus mucosae than control and antibiotics treatment on day 28. To conclude, the mixture of cinnamaldehyde and citric acids damaged the structure of pathogens in vitro; the mixture of essential oils and organic acids improved the growth performance, increased the fecal concentration of isovaleric acid, and modulated the microflora community in weaned piglets.

Herbal Drugs: Their Collection, Preservation, and Preparation; Evaluation, Quality Control, and Standardization of Herbal Drugs

Traditional medicine has been used since the dawn of history for treating human illness. Herbal medicine constituted the main type of traditional medicine. This type of treatment prevailed during different times of history in different countries, may be until the beginning of the 19th century. By that time a scientific revolution, in nearly all fields started. Much progress was made in the field of organic chemistry. This progress resulted in the synthesis of numerous organic compounds. Many of these compounds were found pharmacologically active and were used for treatments of many diseases replacing the traditional herbal medicine. The use of these organic compounds in treatment was encouraged by the ease of their preparation by synthesis and in quantities according to needs. Besides, the propaganda of the producing companies played a role in their spread use. The use of such chemical compounds for treatment in conventional medicine was not far from risk. Serious side effects arose from the use of many such drugs, this led WHO to warn member states from using many such drugs. The motto back to nature arose for seeking more safe drugs among member states. As a matter of fact, not all natural compounds are free of toxicity or hazardous effects. Some of the drugs used in traditional medicine proved to be carcinogenic or acting badly on some vital organs of the body as, e.g. the liver. Therefore the call for using herbal drugs for treatment was conditioned by necessity of such drugs being safe beside being effective of course. A thorough scientific study should be carried out, especially on new drugs, to confirm their safety and efficacy. Such studies usually include: a-Identification of the botanical origin of the drug including description of its main botanical features that facilitate its recognition, both in the entire and powdered forms. b-A complete chemical analysis for identification of its different constituents, especially those responsible for its pharmacological action. A reliable method for estimating its main constituents is essential. c-Pharmacological study, especially toxicity studies both acute and chronic to assure its safety. d-Clinical studies are required, especially for new drugs to confirm their efficacy. For old drugs, their use for a very long time and in different countries for treatment of same diseases is a good parameter for their efficacy. It is noteworthy that herbal drugs included in different Pharmacopoeas can be considered reliable drugs as most of them have passed all the necessary steps as aforementioned and such drugs are considered effective and safe when taken in the prescribed manner and reported doses. Concerning the use of herbal drugs in Egypt, let's go back in history. Egypt has a very old and glorious history in using herbal medicine. May be Egypt was amongst the first countries in the world to use herbal medicine on a rather scientific bases. Description and formulating precriptions was carried out by a herbalist who was a specialized priest. He had the knowledge of formulating herbal drugs. Preparation of herbs as medicaments was carried out in a special room in the temple. This room was used as drug store. In this room, drugs were arranged according to their organs, e.g. roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits. Special shelves were made for minerals, waxes, vegetable oils, volatile oils. Drugs were formulated in different pharmaceutical forms such as teas, linaments, creams, lotions, pessaries, drops, etc according to type of disease and manner of application. The herbalist was aided by a small boy who was taught and prepared to be the future herbalist. Many of the prescriptions written on temple walls and, or in papyri scrolls revealed that ancient Egyptians were aware of the usefulness of many herbal drugs and used many of them in same purposes as they are used to-day and almost in the same manner. It is just sufficient to mention the amazing mysterious miracle of embalming. Nowadays, and in spite of the enormous progress in all fields of science, the secret of embalming is still undiscovered. The use of herbal medicine in Egypt, continued to flourish through different era from Ancient Egyptians through Roman time and first Arab islamic times. In spite, however, of this glorious old history of using herbal medicine for treatment in Egypt, recent time witnessed a significant decline in this respect. Most treatments are carried out by conventional medicine. Treatment with herbal medicine is carried out as a folk medicine, by Attareens. Attareens usually sell spices and crude herbal drugs in their shops. They are not qualified persons but they have acquired their knowledge from old Arabian books as those of Ibn -Sina and Dawood El-Antaki. Most patients that seek remedy from Attareens belong to the poor class, mainly illeterated people. A very important reason, in my opinion that lead to decline in use of herbal drugs in treatment, as supportive to chemical ones used in conventional medicine, lies in the ignorance of describing herbal medicines by physicians. Physicians, especially newly graduated ones, have no belief in herbal medicine, simply because they haven't studied their value in their faculties. Actually the syllabi of nearly all faculties of medicine in Egypt lack course dealing with herbal drugs. Therefore physicians do not realize the importance of such drugs and regard them as nothing but a folk type of treatment without scientific basis. To encourage incorporating herbal medicine in conventional medicine, WHO held many symposia among member states. Each member state was advised to establish a committee including different specialists for planning health policy and choosing a list of herbal drugs that are most active, safe and common to be incorporated in primary health care services. Unfortunately, until now, no such committee has been established. Ministry of health is considered the only organization responsible for planning and controlling all health services. Ministry of health established a committee responsible for registration of drugs. The rules governing registration of herbal drugs are nearly the same as those for chemical conventional drugs. Processes of registration are tedious and lengthy and therefore many herbal drugs producers prefer registering their roducts as food supplements rather than drugs. Now in Egypt, there is a trend, as in allover the world, to make use of herbal drugs. People every where are getting more and more convinced by their efficacy, beside their safety and comparatively lower price. This trend is potentiated by the fear of the impact of adopting the GATT and Trips agreement in 2005 on conventional drug price. Much efforts are now done to re-evaluate the Egyptian resources from medicinal plants and discover new ones. Much scientific work is being done to find out most appropriate herbs regarding their efficacy, safety and availability. The studies include the most suitable pharmaceutical forms for their incorporation. This task is taken to find drugs to be supportive to conventional medicine (not alternating to them). The philosophy now is to find a herbal drug that can go side by side with the conventional medicine and make available effective, safe and affordable drugs.

Simple SummaryReplacing antibiotics with natural alternative compounds in poultry feeding is being increased in the last few years to challenge the antibiotic resistance problem. Among natural compounds, organic acids and essential oils could be a favorable option. The goal of the trial was testing the dietary supplementation of a blend of organic acids and essential oils in broiler diets in order to evaluate growth performance and gut healthiness. The blend of organic acids and essential oils improved growth performances at the end of the growing period and favorably affected, to a certain extent, gut morphology at different gut districts. Moreover, a selective microbial control against Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci and Mesophilic bacteria was found. Additionally, in litter, organic acids and essential oils dietary treatment drove to an overall decrease of Mesophilic bacteria and Enterococci counts. Overall, dietary strategy oriented to a supplementation of a mixture of organic acids and essential oils in broiler diets could offer some favorable perspectives in order to maintain adequate growth performance and gut healthiness either in term of morphology or of microbiology. Nevertheless, improving knowledge on the mechanisms of action of these natural additives together with a potential synergistic action is pivotal to clarify their potential as antibiotic replacers. The goal of the trial was testing the effects of a blend of organic acids and essential oils dietary supplementation on growth performance and gut healthiness in broiler chickens. In total, 420 male Ross 308 chicks (1-day old) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: basal (BD) and organic acids and essential oils (OA&EO) diets (three replicates/treatment; 70 broilers/replicate). BD group received commercial diets whereas OA&EO group basal diets + 5 g/kg of microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils. OA&EO treatment improved the average daily gain (p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio at 37–47 days compared to BD treatment. OA&EO treatment improved gut morphology mostly at ileum and duodenum levels in terms of villi height, crypt depth, number of villi, mucosa thickness and villi area at 24 and 34 sampling days. A certain selective action against Clostridium perfringens in ileum of OA&EO group was shown at 33 (p = 0.053) and 46 days (p = 0.09) together with lower median values for Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, Mesophilic bacteria and Clostridium perfringens at ceca level. Overall, organic acids and essential oils supplementation improved growth performance in the final growth stage and some morphological gut traits and reduced to a certain extent Clostridium perfringens count in ileum.

Toxicity still a global problem for the environment, agriculture and ultimately human health. The purpose of the study was to examine toxicity effects of Peganum harmala herbal extract on liver and kidney of albino Swiss mice. The herbal alcoholic extract used in different doses (1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg b.w) for 2 weeks. The liver and kidneys dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% formal saline for histologic study. The result indicated that the treated sections of the liver showed congestion of central vein surround the hepatic lobules with sever infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, the Kidneys showed congestion of blood vessels with enlargement of glomerular tuft and mild-severe infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells compared to the control. The findings indicated that the administration of Peganum harmala extract has some adverse effects on the liver and kidneys of adult mice. The study showed that alcoholic herbal extract exposure might cause harmful effects to no target organisms, including humans. Finally, further studies may be carried out to examine toxicity effects for other herbal extract to induce the safety dose dependent to histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues of exposed mice.

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in 2019 has led to a global health crisis. Mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 genome have impeded the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Natural products are important for discovering therapeutics to treat the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of herbal drug extracts from Polygala Root, Areca, and Quercus Bark and natural compounds derived from herbal drug such as baicalin and glabridin, with IC50 values of 9.5 µg/ml, 1.2 µg/ml, 5.4 µg/ml, 8.8 µM, and 2.5 µM, respectively, against SARS CoV-2 infection in vitro. Certain herbal drug extracts and natural compounds were found to inhibit viral RNA levels and infectious titers of SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, viral protein analyses showed that herbal drug extracts and natural compounds effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 in the various entry treatments. Our study revealed that three herbal drugs are good candidates for further in vivo and clinical studies.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11418-021-01596-w.

Traditionally herb bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) are used for various treatments among them for stiff healing, eliminate swelling, and pain. The pain and sciatica is likely to be due to the high levels of uric acid in the blood, then to scientifically proves the presence of a relationship of aches and pains with a decrease in uric acid in the blood necessary to test the effectiveness of herbal extracts bandotan to decrease blood uric acid levels male mice. Extraction is done by percolation using 80% ethanol. The study begins with phytochemical screening test performed on fresh herbs, botanicals and herbal extracts bandotan ethanol. Decreased levels of uric acid is measured by using a measuring device Easy Touch uric acid levels in the blood of male mice hyperuricemia induced by administration of potassium bromate 0.5 mg / kg. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANAVA) followed by analysis of Least Significant Difference Test (LSDT) using the least squares difference with a 99% confidence level. Phytochemical screening result looks the same class of chemical compounds in fresh herbs, botanicals and herbal extracts ethanol bandotan, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids / steroids; and essential oils. The result of the effect of decreasing uric acid levels showed there has been a reduction in the dose of 50 mg / kg, but is still too small, and according to the results of statistical test Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) and test Least Significant Difference Test (LSDT) dose of 100 mg / kg body weight have an effect reduction in uric acid levels were not significantly different with allopurinol dose of 10 mg / kg.