Effectiveness of clove oil anesthesia on the performance and survival of Batak fish (Tor soro) fry during transportation

This research aims to understand the effect of the different natural anesthesia on the survival rate of sangkuriang catfish juvenile which was transported using closed wet system fish transportation. We discussed selected natural anesthesia for effectiveness, induction times and recovery times in the application of anesthesia for transportation. The benefits of this research were as a reference to choose the best natural anesthesia for catfish juvenile transportation. This research used the experimental method on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments (clove oil, nutmeg oil, lemongrass oil, and control) with 3 replications. Measured parameters were survival rate after fish transportation, survival rate after aquaculture for 7 days, induction times, recovery times,and water quality such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and ammonia. The result was clove oil had high survival rate after fish transportation and cultivated for 7 days which is 98,67% and 87,33%. This treatment had quicker time for induction of catfish juvenile than other treatments which was 12.59 minutes although recovery time (10.34) minute was assumed lower than other treatments.

Live reef fish are fish that have important economic value and have a very high selling value for export. Unfortunately, the process of catching reef fish still uses cyanide anesthetic, causing various problems, including damage to fish and coral reefs. As an alternative, it is recommended to use clove oil. However, it is necessary to analyze the effectiveness of clove oil as a cyanide alternative. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of clove oil in coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus). This study consisted of aquarium preparation, preparation of test animals, observing fish behavior before and after exposure to clove oil and analyzing the effect of clove oil on the response of fish behavior. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 concentration treatments with 3 repetitions. Fish were put into the aquarium and then sprayed with several different concentrations of clove oil (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 ppm) until the fish passed out. Furthermore, it is analyzed based on the criteria recommended by Marking & Myer (1985). The ANOVA test results with an error rate of 5% (α = 0.05) indicated that the time to reach the affected stage in the coral trout did not differ significantly with different clove oil concentrations (P> 0.05). The same results were also obtained when the equilibrium was disturbed, when it reached the fainting stage and the recovery time of the coral trout, which showed that there was no significant difference in the different clove oil concentrations (P> 0.05). Based on the recommendation of Marking and Meyer (1985), all concentrations of clove oil used (20–60 ppm) have met the requirements as an ideal anesthetic, where the induction time is <15 minutes and the recovery time is <5 minutes. This shows that clove oil at a concentration of 20 - 60 ppm is effectively used in anesthetics for coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus).

Abalone is one of aquaculture commodity that has a high value including in Indonesia due to its price, taste and nutrition content. Unfortunately there is problem in abalone’s transportation process which caused stress and even death. Clove oil can be used as anesthetic agent for abalone to obtain a high survival rate because of its eugenol content. This research tried to evaluate the the effect of clove oil as anesthesia agent to determined induction time, survival rate and oxygen cosumption in H squamata. This study used an experimental method and used a completely randomized design with treatment concentration of clove oil solution were 0.5 ml/L (A), 0.7 ml/L (B), 0.9 ml/L (C), and 1.1 ml/L (D) which each treatment was repeated three times, and calculated the value of the abalone (H. Squamata) survival rate after maintenance for 14 days. The results of the study showed that the survival rate of abalone seeds obtained in the treatment with the concentration of 1.1 ml/L (D). In the treatment also showed the fastest induction time with 96.67 seconds. The lowest oxygen comsumption rate in this study was treatment D with concentration of 1,1 ml/L. It could be concluded that using clove oil with concentration of 1.1 ml/L as anasthesic compound for abalone showed effectiveness in induction time, survival rate, and oxygen consumption rate.

The effectiveness of tricaine, benzocaine, clove oil, and menthol as anesthetics for lambari-bocarra Oligosarcus argenteus

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Studies on plant herbs as alternatives to chemical anaesthetics in fish species are numerous, but little is known on crustaceans. A study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; Essential Oil (EO) on the induction and recovery of &lt;i&gt;M. rosenbergii&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; The &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC-MS. The prawns were exposed to &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO and clove oil in 100-1000 and 200-1000 μL L&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. Different stages of induction and recovery times were recorded. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In GC-MS, citral (78.47%) was detected as a major compound in &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO. Prawns reached loss equilibrium at 500-1000 μL L&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO within 15.55-6.52 min. Exposure of prawn to &lt;u&gt;<&lt;/u&gt;500 μL L&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO resulted in a high survival rate (100-94%). In clove oil, all tested concentrations caused significant induction in &lt;i&gt;M. rosenbergii&lt;/i&gt; within 20.61-6.47 min. Recovery time and survival rate were significantly decreased with the increase of EO concentrations. The regression model showed the induction time in both anaesthetic agents was dependent on the concentration (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;= 0.86-0.96). The recovery time of &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO-exposed prawn was dependent on the concentrations (R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;= 0.59). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The study shows the potentiality of &lt;i&gt;C. citratus&lt;/i&gt; EO as a natural anaesthetic in &lt;i&gt;M. rosenbergii&lt;/i&gt;, although not as efficient as clove oil.

Limited studies have been conducted on the use of anesthetic agents during handling, cooking, and transportation of crayfish species. This study was carried out to evaluate the anesthetic effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), spearmint (Mentha spicata) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) essential oils on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852)) at temperatures of 17 and 23 °C. The study was performed in 10 L plastic containers filled with 3 L of dechlorinated freshwater to determine induction and recovery times and stages under laboratory conditions. Five concentrations (200, 350, 500, 750, and 1000 µL/L) of essential oils were used. This study found that the induction time at 1000 µL/L was significantly lower than 200 and 350 µL/L at 17 °C (p < 0.05) and there was no statistical difference between the five concentrations at 23 °C (p < 0.05). Recovery at 1000 µL/L was markedly higher than 200, 350, and 500 µL/L at 23 °C (p < 0.05). Red swamp crayfish exposed to clove oil reached Stage 6, which is identified as a total loss of equilibrium, using 1000 µL/L at both temperatures. For spearmint oil, induction time at 1000 µL/L was significantly lower than 200, 350, and 500 µL/L at 17 °C, induction time at 200 µL/L was the highest at 23 °C (p < 0.05), and Stage 5 (partial loss of equilibrium) was recorded as the maximum stage reached. Recovery time at 1000 µL/L was the highest at 17 °C, and recovery at 200 and 300 µL/L were lower than 750 and 1000 µL/L at 23 °C (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded in the induction and recovery times of chamomile oil for all the concentrations at both 17 and 23 °C (p > 0.05) and the crayfish reached a maximum of Stage 3 (deep sedation) at 1000 µL/L at 23 °C. Overall, clove and spearmint essential oils were proven to be the most successful at providing effective anesthesia to the red swamp crayfish. However, the length of induction and recovery times may be a disadvantage for some procedures. In addition, it has been revealed that chamomile oil may have only a sedative effect and is therefore unsuitable to be used as an anesthetic.

This study aimed to determine the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on doctor fish (Garra rufa) at two different water temperatures. Experimental fish (1.2 ± 0.2 g mean weight) were subjected to 25, 50, 75 and 100 μL L-1 clove oil and 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1 2-phenoxyethanol concentrations at water temperature of 15 and 25 °C, and the induction and recovery times were investigated. Results showed that induction and recovery times in doctor fish were significantly affected by clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol concentrations as well as water temperature. The interaction of anesthetic concentration and water temperature on all induction stage time was significant in clove oil. Between the anesthetic concentration and temperature interaction was significant for recovery times in both anesthetic agents. The induction time decreased significantly with increasing concentration of both anesthetic agents at water temperature of 15 and 25 °C. The lowest effective concentrations that produced induction within 3 min and recovery within 5 min were 50-75 μL L-1 of clove oil and 300 μL L-1 of 2-phenoxyethanol in both 15 and 25 °C respectively. The results also indicated that clove oil was effective at 4-fold lower concentrationsthan 2-phenoxyethanol, but the recovery time was longer than 2-phenoxyethanol. These results suggest that clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol were effective anesthetics and could be used as anesthetic agents in doctor fish.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the size-relative effectiveness of clove oil as an anaesthetic for rainbow trout and goldfish. In total, 128 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (two groups of 20-23 and 30-33 cm mean fork length) and 160 goldfish (Carassius auratus) (four size groups of 1.5-2.5, 5-7, 11-15 and 20-25 cm) were anaesthetized at different clove oil concentrations of 50, 100, 150 mg·l-1 for trouts and 75, 100, 150 mg·l-1 for goldfish. Rainbow trout exhibited total loss of balance and no response to external stimuli with shorter induction time as dosage increased (120.5 s, 64.4 s and 44.3 s, respectively). Goldfish exhibited total loss of balance and no response to external stimuli after induction time that varied with dosage used and body size of fish. The small fish (1.5-7 cm) exhibited shorter induction time which ranged from 84.28 s at 75 mg·l-1 clove oil to 41.14 s at 150 mg·l-1 clove oil. The larger fish had a longer induction time inversely related to the dosage. Recovery time was longer than induction time in both species. Both species recovered within 6 min after anaesthesia at 150 mg·l-1 clove oil. Clove oil did not produce marked changes (P &lt; 0.05) in the physiological indicators of goldfish compared to the control. However, marked changes (P &lt; 0.05) were exhibited in the haematocrit of treated rainbow trout that also exhibited hyperkalaemia and hyperglycaemia (P &gt; 0.05). For both fish species, clove oil was effective, producing minimum stress and zero mortalities, and can be recommended as an effective anaesthetic.

The effect of three anaesthetic protocols on the stress response in cane toads (Rhinella marina)

Long distance transportation of prawn juvenile usually use a closed system. Indonesian farmers often face problem in this juvenile transportation such as a low survival rate due to shrimp stress and changes in water quality during transportation. This study was aimed to determine the effect of salt, cloves oil, zeolite, and activated carbon for maintaining water quality in 24 hours juvenile giant prawn simulation transportation at high density. The study was conducted at laboratory scale with a complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates. For each treatments, it was added 4.67 µl/L clove oil, 20 g of zeolite, 10 g of activated carbon within 4 (four) different salt concentration i.e., 0 g/L (A), 4.7 g/L (B), 9.4 g/L(C), 14.1 g/L(D) and K (without salt, clove oil, zeolites and activated carbon). The results showed that the addition of 9.4 g/L of salt, 4.67 µl/L clove oil, 20 g of zeolite, and 10 g of activated carbon produced the best results with the highest survival rate by 88±2% at the end of simulation transportation and 82±2.83% after rearing, water quality and physiological respons of shrimp remains in good condition at the simulation transportation and at rearing. Keywords: juvenile giant prawn, salt, high density, physiological responses

Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata) at different temperatures

In this study, the efficacy of four doses of clove oil and eugenol were compared to sedate fingerling Shabut Barbus grypus to various stages of sedation and recovery. The results from the present study indicated that effective concentrations were at 50 μL/L for eugenol (induction time: 58 ± 8 s; recovery time: 199 ± 15 s [mean ± SD]) and clove oil (induction time: 76 ± 6 s; recovery time: 161 ± 34 s). The induction times decreased significantly with the increasing concentrations of clove oil and eugenol, while recovery times increased with increasing concentrations of anesthetic (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Exposure of fish to 75 or 100 μL/L clove oil or to 50, 75, or 100 μL/L eugenol resulted in mean induction times ≤ 1 min. Fish did not become fully sedated within 3 min when treated with 25 μL/L clove oil. Other concentrations of both anesthetics, fish reached to full induction at ≤ 3 min and recovered from anesthesia ≤ 5 min. Our results showed the clove oil and eugenol are effective anesthetics for fingerling Shabut when used at concentrations of 50–100 μL/L.

The efficacy of three common fish anesthetics (clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, and tricaine methanesulfonate) was evaluated in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii). The overarching aim of our study was to identify the best anesthetic and concentration for the purposes of routine laboratory use of Pacific hagfish (i.e., short and consistent induction and recovery times and minimized stress and safety risk to hagfish). The objectives of our study were fourfold: (1) identify anesthetic stages of Pacific hagfish using clove oil anesthesia; (2) establish standardized anesthesia preparation procedures; (3) determine the optimal anesthetic and concentration for safely achieving stage V anesthesia; and (4) investigate the effects of repeatedly exposing Pacific hagfish to anesthesia. Experimental concentrations, ranging from 50 to 400mg/L, of each anesthetic were tested on at least three Pacific hagfish individuals. We found the following: (1) Pacific hagfish exhibited similar stages of anesthesia to those described for bony fishes; (2) sufficient mixing of clove oil with seawater had a considerable effect on the consistency and timing of anesthetic induction; (3) concentration and anesthetic significantly impacted induction and recovery timing, whereas body mass had no impact on anesthetic trends; and (4) repeatedly exposing Pacific hagfish to optimal concentrations of clove oil or MS-222 had no effect on induction or recovery timing, whereas exposure number significantly impacted induction timing when using 2-PE. Due to consistent induction and recovery times, low risk of accidental overdose, and high safety margins for both handler and hagfish, we recommend 175mg/L of clove oil as the ideal anesthetic and concentration for the routine laboratory use of Pacific hagfish.

The efficacy of clove oil for anaesthesia was examined on eight species of Australian tropical freshwater fishes: the native Mulgrave goby (Glossogobius bellendenensis, Gobiidae), empire gudgeon (Hypseleotris compressa) and sleepy cod (Oxyeleotris lineolatus) (both Eleotrididae), Eastern rainbowfish (Melanotaenia splendida, Melanotaeniidae), Pacific blue‐eye (Pseudomugil signifer, Pseudomugilidae), and eel‐tailed catfish (Tandanus tandanus, Plotosidae), and the non‐native species spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae, Cichlidae) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Poecilidae). Induction to anaesthesia, recovery from anaesthesia and survival of fish were determined for five concentrations (20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, and 160 mg/L). A 20 mg/L clove oil concentration was not sufficient to induce a loss of reflex reactivity within 10 min for most individuals (&gt; 85%) in the eight species examined. Effective clove oil concentrations for anaesthesia induction and recovery (40–80 mg/L) for seven out of the eight species examined overlap with those reported for other tropical freshwater fish species. Differences in induction and recovery times among treatments were not always independent of fish size for G. bellendenensis, M. splendida, O. lineolatus, and P. mariae, emphasizing the importance of taking biological and environmental factors into account when determining and applying effective clove oil concentrations for anaesthesia in fish. In contrast, long recovery times and mortality for T. tandanus in even relatively low concentrations suggests that clove oil may not be an appropriate anaesthetic for at least some fish species.

Comparative efficacy of four anaesthetic agents in the yellow seahorse, Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker, 1852)