Effective water/wastewater treatment methodologies for toxic pollutants removal: Processes and applications towards sustainable development

Water shortage and water pollution is become to a more serious problem in the world especially in developing country.Water pollution is mainly due to a large number of emissions from industrial wastewater, agricultural drainage, and urban wastewater to rivers, lakes and soil which is making surface water and groundwater quality deterioration.This water shortage is aggravated by the exacerbated water quality and thus to influence human health and society economy development [1] .In order to conserve water resources, prevent water pollution, and improve sustainable development of water environment and aquaculture production, water quality monitoring and control in dynamically and regularity is become more and more important.Water quality monitoring and control is not only able to understand the water quality changes and pollution migration patterns, but also provide scientific and reasonable technical support for water resources integrated planning, water environment assessment, water treatment and conservation technology [2] .Therefore, water quality monitoring is essential tool and basis foundation in water resource management and water pollution supervision and control for government administration.Water quality monitoring of different water sources is difficult because of the intricate components and its mutual interference and thus depended mainly on chemical analysis and instrumental analysis.According to geochemistry, geographical and regional differences of water environment or water pollution, water quality monitoring is always conducted in instrument station and to construct a monitoring network for water quality management, assessment and planning via short-term monitoring, long-term monitoring, emergency monitoring, and dynamic monitoring [3,4] .To supplement the instrument stations in laboratory level, water quality monitoring vehicle or shipping using flow sampling and online monitoring is used for water pollution tracking or iterative detection.Recent years, water quality dynamic monitoring using online sensors is applied for various applications and increasing with promoting commercialization of ions selective electrodes.Since 1960, local, continents and federal agencies in the United State began to collect water quality data and gradually getting a unified specification data to establish STORET water quality system.20 years later, the STORET water quality system is used to provide the water www.intechopen.comRecent Developments in Mobile Communications -A Multidisciplinary Approach 252 quality scientific data and water pollution management support for federal, state and local water authorities [5] .Water quality file analysis system WAP2 (Water Archive Phase 2) is developed in UK after STORET water quality system constructed.WAP2 system is focusing on relationship between the hydrological cycle and impact of human activities, and described in detail for hydrology, meteorology, water supply, drainage, wastewater treatment, industrial, and water quality [6,7] .Compared to advanced countries, water quality monitoring technology in developing countries is developed and applied from 1980s and almost conducted by regional or local government.the national water quality monitoring network is still not established such as China and Indian, because of the different sampling methods and expensive instrument import form the United States and Germany [8] .Water quality dynamic monitoring is integrated from chemical analysis, computer, sensing, and communication technologies for simultaneous detection of several water quality parameters, mass data processing, and automatic water treatment in designated regions.The sampling method and monitored data will be basis foundation to represent water quality for in the regional water environment.On the other hand, suitable sample distribution and contrast handy chemical analysis are important in water quality dynamic monitoring especially for rivers with serious floating debris and soil erosion [9,10] .Therefore, automatic cleaning, calibration, diagnostics, and alarm functions, data remote transmission, and networking construction will be required in water quality dynamic monitoring.This chapter is focus on water quality sensors based on ion specific electrodes, water quality dynamic monitoring system based on web-server-embedded technology and its application in rivers and freshwater detection, aquaculture production and hydroponic plant production.www.intechopen.com

Plating wastewater containing various heavy metals can be produced by several industries. Specifically, we focused on the removal of copper (Cu2+) and nickel (Ni+) ions from the plating wastewater because all these ions are strictly regulated when discharged into watershed in Korea. The application of both nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) technologies for the treatment of wastewater containing copper and nickel ions to reduce fresh water consumption and environmental degradation was investigated. In this work, the removal of copper (Cu2+) and nickel (Ni+) ions from synthetic water was studied on pilot scale remove by before using two commercial nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis(RO) spiral-wound membrane modules (NE2521-90 and RE2521-FEN by Toray Chemical). The influence of main operating parameters such as feed concentration on the heavy metals rejection and permeate flux of both membranes, was investigated. Synthetic plating wastewater samples containing copper (Cu2+) and nickel (Ni2+) ions at various concentrations(1, 20, 100, 400 mg/L) were prepared and subjected to treatment by NF and RO in the pilot plant. The results showed that NF, RO process, with 98% and 99% removal for copper and nickel, respectively, could achieve high removal efficiency of the heavy metals.

This paper summarizes and presents an overview of the current state of water pollution, as well as recent progress and the potential future development of water pollution control technology, in China. Although China has made significant strides in water environmental protection over the past decades, analysis reveals that water pollution in the nation is still not sufficiently controlled, with a number of surface waters currently suffering varying degrees of pollution. High nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in many great lakes have caused eutrophication problems, and the frequency of blue algal bloom has increased. Likewise, river pollution has not been effectively controlled. Nitrogen, phosphorous, organic compounds, and heavy metals are ubiquitous in China's rivers, with up to 80% of urban rivers contaminated to varying degrees—a situation that continues to deteriorate. Next, eutrophication has occurred in many large reservoirs, with numerous toxic substances negatively affecting water quality. Finally, over-exploitation has caused groundwater quality to deteriorate, and pollution from heavy metals, nitrates, fluorine, and random organic matter has become a primary water quality issue. To resolve these complex environmental problems, water pollution controls and quality improvement technologies have been rapidly developed in China in recent years. Ecological restoration, biological disposal, advanced chemical oxidation, high-efficiency adsorption, and flocculation technologies have been especially prominent in these efforts. Not only have these developments introduced practical innovation to the core technologies, they have also prioritized their systematic integration and application. In order to prevent and control the pollution of lakes and rivers, improve general water quality, and ensure the safety of drinking water supplies, China must perform systematic research on management, pollution control and treatment, ecological restoration, and related water treatment and purification technologies over the next 5 to 15 years through a series of major technology initiatives. These programs will supply the scientific foundation and technological support for achieving the optimum improvement of China's water quality.

Control of urban river water pollution is studied based on SMS

Water pollution is a pressing environmental issue that requires effective policy and governance frameworks to address its impacts. This paper examines the role of policy and governance in controlling water pollution, including legislation, regulations, integrated water management, stakeholder engagement, economic instruments, monitoring and reporting, international cooperation, and capacity building. It highlights the importance of robust governance mechanisms to ensure the protection and sustainable management of water resources. Water pollution poses significant threats to ecosystems and human health. This paper explores various mitigation strategies and solutions to address water pollution. It discusses source control and pollution prevention, wastewater treatment, stormwater management, agricultural best practices, wetland restoration, and conservation, education and awareness, strengthening regulations and enforcement, and international cooperation. Implementing these solutions can help minimize pollution and safeguard water quality. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) play a crucial role in evaluating the potential environmental consequences of projects and activities, including water pollution. This paper examines the inclusion of water pollution considerations in EIAs, including the assessment of pollution sources, water quality monitoring, impact on aquatic ecosystems, human health considerations, mitigation and management measures, compliance with regulations, and the importance of addressing water pollution in the EIA process. This paper presents case studies and examples of water pollution incidents from around the world. It highlights various sources and causes of water pollution, including industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, sewage, and chemical spills. The case studies illustrate the environmental, economic, and social impacts of water pollution and emphasize the need for effective pollution control measures and preventive actions. Contamination of drinking water sources poses significant risks to public health. This paper explores the various contaminants that can infiltrate drinking water supplies, including pathogens, chemical pollutants, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants. It discusses the health risks associated with contaminated drinking water, such as waterborne diseases and chronic health effects. The paper emphasizes the importance of ensuring safe and clean drinking water through robust water treatment and monitoring systems. Water pollution has wide-ranging impacts on ecosystems and human populations. This paper examines the ecological, economic, and social consequences of water pollution. It discusses the degradation of aquatic habitats, loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecological processes, economic costs of pollution control and remediation, and the social implications of compromised water quality. The paper emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate the impacts of water pollution. Water pollution is caused by various factors and activities. This paper explores the primary causes of water pollution, including industrial discharges, agricultural practices, improper waste management, urban runoff, and natural processes. It discusses the release of pollutants such as chemicals, nutrients, sediments, and pathogens into water bodies and their impacts on water quality and ecosystems. Water pollution is a critical environmental issue that requires urgent attention. This paper highlights the importance of addressing water pollution by discussing its impacts on ecosystems, human health, and the economy. It emphasizes the need for collective efforts, including policy interventions, pollution prevention measures, and sustainable water management practices. The paper underlines that safeguarding water resources is crucial for the well-being and sustainability of current and future generations.

Wastewater treatment allows for the safe disposal of municipal and industrial wastewater to protect public health and the ecosystem[...]

The African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) Secretariat committed to design and implement an African Water Quality Program (AWaQ) in its Strategic Operational Plan (2020-2024) considering the guiding frameworks it uses such as the Africa Water Vision 2025, United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the African Union Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. AMCOW reached out to the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) to support the development of such a program. AWaQ builds on the rich experiences and lessons learned from past and ongoing regional and subregional water quality initiatives across Africa by different players, including African Union institutions, and the wider members of the World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA), as well as the AMCOW African Water and Sanitation Sector Monitoring and Reporting System (WASSMO). The five phases of developing an African Water Quality Program (AWaQ) are explained in the following papers: 1. State of Water Quality Monitoring and Pollution Control in Africa (phase 1-2) 2. Innovations in Water Quality Monitoring and Management in Africa (phase 3-4) 3. A Framework for an African Water Quality Program (AWaQ) (phase 5) 4. Country Water Quality Profiles This paper is the first from the above list and is a baseline assessment of the status of water quality monitoring and pollution control in Africa, including the capacities available across countries in the region. This assessment considers various past and ongoing initiatives related to water quality monitoring and management, capacity development, and water pollution control and impact mitigation. Key findings of this paper highlight the following: 1. There is an encouraging availability of national water testing laboratory facilities across African countries. Nonetheless, there are weaknesses that require attention to ensure effectiveness and sustainability. 2. Regular and ongoing training is needed to keep up with laboratory testing methodologies. However, we observed a low trend in regular training, which does not augur well for keeping abreast of the best practices in water quality monitoring. In the context of emerging pollutants, training needs to be more regular than is currently experienced. 3. Water quality monitoring and management capacities are patchy. Capacities related to staff training, laboratory infrastructure and monitoring program activities need strengthening. 4. Pollution control mechanisms are facing challenges. Regulatory mechanisms and wastewater treatment technologies—the most widely deployed pollution control solutions—may benefit from more concerted investment, and the political will and financing to boost their effectiveness.

Mechanical properties of water desalination and wastewater treatment membranes

Process Intensification in Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems

Nanoparticles represent a promising new technology for wastewater remediation, not only because of their high treatment efficiency, but also for their cost–effectiveness, as they have the flexibility for in situ and ex situ applications. In this chapter, we briefly introduced the main synthesis techniques for nanoparticle formation, their potential benefits in environmental clean-up, and their recent advances and applications in wastewater treatment. These advances range from the direct applications of synthesized nanoparticles as adsorbents for removing toxic contaminants or as catalysts to oxidize and break down noxious contaminants in wastewater, to integrating nanoparticles into conventional treatment technologies, such as the composite photocatalytic membrane that combine the separation technology with photocatalytic activity. Finally, the impact of nanoparticles on the environment and human health is briefly discussed.

In recent times river pollution is a serious and growing problem in most developing countries. Industrial effluents and sewage entering the water bodies are one of the major sources of environmental toxicity, which endangers aquatic biota and deteriorates water quality. Biological methods for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste may provide an attractive alternative to the physicochemical process. Biosurfactants are one of the compounds that help in alleviating the heavy metals. A large number of bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp. And Arthrobacter sp. are reported to produce biosurfactants. Compared to synthetic compounds, biosurfactants provide the advantages of little or no environmental impact and the possibility of in-situ production. Studies in recent past have exhibited the successful use of biosurfactants for facilitating the degradation of organic pollutants in soil and water. In the light of the above, the present study is aimed to carry out the assessment of efficiency of biosurfactants producing bacteria isolated from heavy metal contaminated site of the river Ganga. The bacterial isolates (PGS1, PGS2 and PGS3) were screened belonging to the genus Pseudomonas were found to remove heavy metals from the medium. The isolate PGS1 was found to be more effective in removing more than 50% chromium and cadmium from the medium. In recent times river pollution is a serious and growing problem in most developing countries. Industrial effluents and sewage entering the water bodies are one of the major sources of environmental toxicity, which endangers aquatic biota and deteriorates water quality. Biological methods for the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste may provide an attractive alternative to the physicochemical process. Biosurfactants are one of the compounds that help in alleviating the heavy metals. A large number of bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp. And Arthrobacter sp. are reported to produce biosurfactants. Compared to synthetic compounds, biosurfactants provide the advantages of little or no environmental impact and the possibility of in-situ production. Studies in recent past have exhibited the successful use of biosurfactants for facilitating the degradation of organic pollutants in soil and water. In the light of the above, the present study is aimed to carry out the assessment of efficiency of biosurfactants producing bacteria isolated from heavy metal contaminated site of the river Ganga. The bacterial isolates (PGS1, PGS2 and PGS3) were screened belonging to the genus Pseudomonas were found to remove heavy metals from the medium. The isolate PGS1 was found to be more effective in removing more than 50% chromium and cadmium from the medium.

<p indent="0mm">Human beings cannot live without water. As the living space of human beings, architecture cannot do without water. The water quality safeguard of healthy buildings includes water quality safeguard for municipal water supply and secondary water supply systems. Compared with municipal water supply system, water quality assurance of secondary water supply system is often ignored in people’s traditional concept, while the latter is more likely to cause water quality deterioration. Healthy building is a building that can provide healthier environment, facilities and services for building users and promote their physical and mental health. The water supply system of a healthy building should be able to provide safe and high quality water to building users. Water quality safeguard technology is the key support to achieve the above goals. This paper mainly analyzes and introduces the water quality safeguard for secondary water supply system of healthy buildings. The water quality guarantee measures that can be adopted in the system setting, operation and maintenance of healthy buildings are summarized into three main aspects: Prevention of water quality deterioration, water quality monitoring and water treatment. Prevention of water quality deterioration is the first line of defense to ensure healthy building water quality. Water quality deterioration is usually caused by two factors: Microbial breeding in the water and pollution in the water supply. Problems such as long storage time, inadequate cleaning and maintenance of storage facilities, improper selection of water pipes for transmission and distribution, and insufficient water supply temperature of centralized domestic hot water system will lead to the breeding of bacteria and other microorganisms in water. Problems such as improper installation of water storage facilities and wrong connection of pipes in quality water supply system will lead to water pollution. The prevention of water quality deterioration of secondary water supply system mainly involves water storage facilities, water supply pipes and central domestic hot water system. The water quality online monitoring system can detect water quality indicators in real time through the configuration of online testing equipment, and then upload the monitoring data to the remote data management platform, and finally analyze the monitoring data and alarm the accident by the data management platform. Online monitoring of water quality can help managers to know the abnormal changes of water quality in time, so as to take effective measures to avoid the increase of water quality deterioration accidents. The main technologies and management measures involved in water quality monitoring include water quality online monitoring, regular testing and monitoring results publicity. Water treatment is the ultimate defense of healthy building water quality. Healthy building water supply system can adopt water treatment technology to ensure the safety, improvement and improvement of water quality. Water treatment technologies that can be used in healthy buildings generally include disinfection, filtration, softening and other major water treatment technologies and direct drinking water treatment systems. Different buildings can make economic and technological comparison according to the user’s demand for water quality, and finally choose a reasonable one or a variety of comprehensive water treatment technology. The aim of this paper is to provide suggestions and broaden ideas for the water quality safeguard of healthy buildings, and help health building users understand health building water quality safeguard.

Chapter 4 - Low-cost adsorbents, removal techniques, and heavy metal removal efficiency

In this study, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Vietnam receiving high-strength wastewater with COD of about 30,000 mg/L and various heavy metals from industries was treated by different RO membrane modules in order to meet the stringent national discharge standard and recover wastewater for reuse. The Fenton and coagulation pre-treatments were employed based on optimal conditions, which were experimentally pre-determined. For the RO membrane system, the two-stage treatment employed a plate frame RO (PFRO) followed by spiral wound RO (SPRO) to obtain high-quality permeate, while the high-pressure PFRO (HP PFRO) module was employed for the recovery of concentrated streams from the PFRO unit. As a result, a significant COD removal efficiency of 99.62% was achieved in the SPRO module. The heavy metal concentrations (i.e., Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr) measured in the output mostly met the standards for discharge levels. A significant decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) to below 250 µS/cm was achieved. In addition, high rates of water recovery were achieved from the RO modules (i.e., PFRO 63%, HP PFRO 9–12%, SPRO &gt; 80–90%). The high-quality treated wastewater was thus suitable for reuse purposes. This study highlights the feasibility of RO membranes for practical treatment of high-strength wastewater and provides valuable data for the WWTP operator.

In Kazakhstan, the issue of providing the population with quality drinking water remains one of the topical and important issues. Despite significant efforts in the field of infrastructure and water treatment technologies, many regions of Kazakhstan still face problems of pollution and insufficient water resources. In this regard, the development of effective water treatment methods is of particular importance. This study considers the issue of wastewater treatment by the combined method of forward and reverse osmosis, which is a key direction in modern water treatment. The relevance of the work is the use of integration of forward osmosis methods with the process of adsorption by powdered activated carbon in wastewater treatment. The use of powdered activated carbon in the process of wastewater treatment leads to a reduction in the content of organic matter, which are water pollutants. As a result of the experiment with pretreatment of wastewater with powdered activated carbon, a decrease in the level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from 538 mg O/dm3 to 256 mg O/dm3 was observed, as well as a relative decrease in the concentration of other indicators. The draw solution in the form of 1.5 M NaCl gradually drawing water molecules from the feed solution pretreated with activated carbon on the tenth day had a concentration of 0.425 M absorbing 2.529 liters of water entering through the membrane that is 27.6% more than the control version of the experiment. The effectiveness of integrated methods lies in the successful combination of different technologies to improve water treatment processes and ensure the availability of clean water not only in Kazakhstan, but also in different parts of the world.