Effect of whole meal yeast-leavened, sourdough-leavened and yeast-sourdough-leavened bread consumption on appetite, energy intake, and postprandial metabolic responses: A randomized, blinded, cross-over study.

Effect of lactic acid-rich sourdough bread on appetite regulation: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial.

Seven studies have now been published pertaining to the acute effect of iv administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake. In four of these studies energy intake was significantly reduced following the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion compared with saline. In the remaining studies, no significant effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 could be shown. Lack of statistical power or low glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion rate may explain these conflicting results. Our aim was to examine the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on subsequent energy intake using a data set composed of subject data from previous studies and from two as yet unpublished studies. Secondly, we investigated whether the effect on energy intake is dose dependent and differs between lean and overweight subjects. Raw subject data on body mass index and ad libitum energy intake were collected into a common data set (n = 115), together with study characteristics such as infusion rate, duration of infusion, etc. From four studies with comparable protocol the following subject data were included if available: plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1, subjective appetite measures, well-being, and gastric emptying rate of a meal served at the start of the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion. Energy intake was reduced by 727 kJ (95% confidence interval, 548-908 kJ) or 11.7% during glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion. Although the absolute reduction in energy intake was higher in lean (863 kJ) (634-1091 kJ) compared with overweight subjects (487 kJ) (209-764 kJ) (P = 0.05), the relative reduction did not differ between the two groups (13.2% and 9.3%, respectively). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion rate was the only independent predictor of the reduction in energy intake during glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide infusion (r = 0.4, P < 0.001). Differences in mean plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentration on the glucagon-like peptide-1 and placebo day (n = 43) were related to differences in feelings of prospective consumption (r = 0.40, P < 0.01), fullness (r = 0.38, P < 0.05), and hunger (r = 0.26, P = 0.09), but not to differences in ad libitum energy intake. Gastric emptying rate was significantly lower during glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion compared with saline. Finally, well-being was not influenced by the glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion. Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion reduces energy intake dose dependently in both lean and overweight subjects. A reduced gastric emptying rate may contribute to the increased satiety induced by glucagon-like peptide-1.

Dietary determinants of obesity

Protein-rich supplements are used commonly to increase energy intake in undernourished older people. This study aimed to establish age effects on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying, blood glucose, and gut hormones in response to protein-rich drinks. In a randomized double-blind, order, 13 older men (age: 75 ± 2 yrs, body mass index (BMI): 26 ± 1 kg/m2) and 13 younger (23 ± 1 yrs, 24 ± 1 kg/m2) men consumed (i) a control drink (~2 kcal) or drinks (450 mL) containing protein/fat/carbohydrate: (ii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/‘P280′), (iii) 14 g/12.4 g/28 g (280 kcal/‘M280′), (iv) 70 g/12.4 g/28 g (504 kcal/‘M504′), on four separate days. Appetite (visual analog scales), gastric emptying (3D ultrasonography), blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0–180 min), and ad-libitum energy intake (180–210 min) were determined. Older men, compared to younger men, had higher fasting glucose and CCK concentrations and lower fasting GLP-1 concentrations (all p < 0.05). Energy intake by P280 compared to control was less suppressed in older men (increase: 49 ± 42 kcal) than it was in younger men (suppression: 100 ± 54 kcal, p = 0.038). After the caloric drinks, the suppression of hunger and the desire to eat, and the stimulation of fullness was less (p < 0.05), and the stimulation of plasma GLP-1 was higher (p < 0.05) in older men compared to younger men. Gastric emptying, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and CCK responses were similar between age groups. In conclusion, ageing reduces the responses of caloric drinks on hunger, the desire to eat, fullness, and energy intake, and protein-rich nutrition supplements may be an effective strategy to increase energy intake in undernourished older people.

Glycemic index in the diet of European outpatients with type 1 diabetes: relations to glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids

Exercise is an important component of a weight management strategy. However, little is known about whether circadian variations in physiological and behavioural processes can influence the appetite and energy balance responses to exercise performed at different times of the day. This study compared the effects of morning and evening exercise on appetite, post-exercise energy intake, and voluntary performance. In randomised, counterbalanced order, 16 healthy males and females (n = 8 each) completed two trials, performing morning exercise at 10:30 (AMEx) or evening exercise at 18:30 (PMEx). Exercise consisted of 30 min steady-state cycling (60% V˙ O2peak), and a 15-min performance test. A standardised meal (543 ± 86 kcal) was consumed 2-h before exercise and ad-libitum energy intake was assessed 15 min after exercise, with subjective appetite measured throughout. Absolute ad-libitum energy intake was 152 ± 126 kcal greater during PMEx (P < 0.001), but there was no differences in subjective appetite between trials immediately pre-exercise, or immediately before the post-exercise meal (P ≥ 0.060). Resting energy expenditure (P < 0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation (P < 0.05) were greater during AMEx, but there were no differences in substrate oxidation or energy expenditure during exercise (P ≥ 0.155). Exercise performance was not different between trials (P = 0.628). In conclusion, acute morning and evening exercise prompt similar appetite responses, but post-exercise ad-libitum energy intake is greater following evening exercise. These findings demonstrate discordant responses between subjective appetite and ad-libitum energy intake but suggest that exercise might offset circadian variations in appetite. Longer-term studies are required to determine how exercise timing affects adherence and weight management outcomes to exercise interventions. Trial registrationNCT04742530, February 8, 2021.

Anticipation of 24 h severe energy restriction increases energy intake and reduces physical activity energy expenditure in the prior 24 h, in healthy males

High Amylose Wheat Bread at Breakfast Increases Plasma Propionate Concentrations and Reduces the Postprandial Insulin Response to the Following Meal in Overweight Adults

Position of the New Zealand Dietetic Association (Inc): Nutrition for exercise and sport in New Zealand

This study aimed to assess the relationship between dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in feeding behavior, and ad libitum energy intake in humans. Healthy individuals (n = 158; 72 Native American, 50 white, 18 black, and 18 Hispanic participants; BMI: 33 [SD9] kg/m2 ; body fat: 33% [SD9%]) were admitted for two inpatient studies investigating the determinants of ad libitum energy intake and assessed for 3 days using a highly reproducible, computerized vending machine paradigm. Urine was collected for 24 hours during eucaloric conditions prior to the ad libitum feeding period, and urinary dopamine excretion rate was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Urinary dopamine excretion rate was on average 346 ± 106 μg over 24 hours and was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.28, P < 0.0001). Higher dopamine concentrations were associated with lower cognitive restraint (ρ = -0.25, P = 0.005) and greater total ad libitum energy intake (r = 0.29, P = 0.0002). However, after adjustment for anthropometrics, in black and white cohorts, higher dopamine concentrations were associated with greater total ad libitum energy intake (r = 0.70, P = 0.001 and r = 0.33, P = 0.02, respectively), whereas no associations were observed in Native American or Hispanic cohorts (all P > 0.3). Higher urinary dopamine concentrations are associated with greater ad libitum energy intake, indicating a role for dopamine in the reward pathway regulating human feeding behavior.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered a time-efficient exercise strategy for weight management. However, data regarding the acute appetite and energy intake responses to HIIT versus continuous training remain inconclusive. This study investigated the ad libitum energy intake and appetite responses to a single session of HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT). Using a randomized crossover design, 11 middle-aged physically inactive men (45.7 ± 7.4 years, 23.5 ± 2.1 kg m−2) participated in three treadmill trials at 7-day intervals. HIIT comprised 10 1-min periods at 100% VO2max interspersed with 1-min periods of active recovery. MICT comprised a 40-min session at 65% VO2max, while VICT comprised a 20-min session at 80% VO2max. After each trial, the participants consumed an ad libitum buffet meal for which the energy intake was recorded. The participants’ perceived appetite was assessed before and after exercise sessions using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). No significant differences in post-exercise ad libitum energy intake were observed between trials (HIIT: 645 ± 262.9 kcal; MICT: 614.7 ± 271.2 kcal; VICT: 623.1 ± 249.0 kcal, p > 0.05). Although the perceived appetite responses exhibited a significant main effect of time (p < 0.01), no group differences were observed (p > 0.05). In summary, these findings suggest that the interval or continuous nature of exercise has no significant effect on appetite responses in physically inactive middle-aged adults, at least during the short-term post-exercise period.

After acute exercise lean individuals show transiently suppressed hunger, yet show no compensation in energy intake at an ad libitum meal. To date, little is known about what happens in those who are overweight/obese. PURPOSE:To compare the effects of acute exercise on subjective hunger ratings and ad libitum energy intake in lean vs. overweight/obese males (m) and females (f). METHODS:Twenty-eight healthy, lean (7 m, 7 f) and overweight (7 m, 7 f) individuals completed two, 8 h trials (exercise and control) in a balanced crossover design. The exercise trial involved a 1 h treadmill walk/run at 60% VO2peak, in a fasted condition, followed by 7 h of rest. The control trial involved 8 h of rest. Standardised meals were provided at 1.5 and 4 h and an ad libitum meal was presented at 7 h on each trial day. Hunger was assessed at 30 min intervals using visual analogue scales. Data were analysed via two-factor (trial x group) mixed ANOVAs and paired samples t-test using SPSS version 22.0 for Windows. Significance was set at P<0.05, values are mean±SD. RESULTS:Participant age did not differ between groups (lean 42.9±15.7 vs. overweight 45.5±12.8 y, P=0.62). BMI and waist circumference (WC) were higher in overweight vs. lean individuals (BMI: 29.1±2.4 vs. 22.5±1.7 kg.m-2, WC: 91.6±10.4 vs. 76.8±8.7 cm, both P<0.01). Remaining data are summarised in Table 1. CONCLUSIONS:These findings indicate a transient suppression of hunger and no compensation for energy intake in either lean or overweight/obese individuals in the 7 h after a bout of treadmill walking/running. Thus, in the short term, hunger and food intake responses to exercise do not differ in lean vs. overweight/obese individuals.Table: No title available.

The population of older individuals worldwide is increasing and achieving a good quality of life in older age is vital(1). However, anorexia of ageing, a phenomenon often associated with delayed gastric emptying and reduced oral processing abilities(2), can negatively affect older adults’ health, quality of life and contribute to undernutrition(2). In younger populations, slower gastric emptying has been associated with greater satiation and satiety(3), and slower eating rates with reduced food intake and postprandial euglycemia(4); however, little is known about these associations in the older adult population. This study investigated individual variations in food oral processing and their influence on postprandial glycaemic and insulin responses, gastric emptying, food and energy intake, in healthy adults, aged ≥65 years.Participants attended a single visit day, after an overnight fast. A fixed-portion breakfast meal was provided and consumption was video-recorded for behavioural-annotation to quantify specific oral processing behaviours. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were assessed via mixedcapillary fingerprick samples, and gastric emptying was measured with the 13C-octanoic acid breath test(5). Three hours post breakfast, an ad libitum lunch was provided, where eating rate and food intake were measured. Food and drink intake for the rest of the day was assessed using a weighed food diary. Participants were classified as slower and faster eaters using a median of eating rate (g/min) of the breakfast meal, with an even number of males and females in each group. Repeated measures ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between ad libitum intake and the parameters outlined above.Eighty-eight older adults were recruited, 44 males and 44 females, with mean age 73.7 ( ± 5.3) years.For the three hours postprandially, both glucose and insulin changed significantly over time (Fglucose = 150.779, p &lt;0.001 and Finsulin = 111.645, p &lt;0.001), but no differences observed between faster and slower eaters (p &gt;0.05). Similarly, gastric emptying did not differ between faster and slower eaters (p &gt;0.05). At the ad libitum meal, eating rate of the meal was the only significant predictor of energy intake (r = 0.685, p &lt;0.001), after accounting for age, gender and the postprandial (post breakfast) metabolic responses, gastric emptying and subjective satiety.This study found no effect of eating rate on postprandial glycemia or gastric emptying in older adults, but showed significant association of eating rate during the meal on food and energy intake. These findings could provide implications in the design of texture-appropriate foods for this age group for future meal interventions.

Inflammation markers are modulated by responses to diets differing in postprandial insulin responses in individuals with the metabolic syndrome

To examine the acute effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on energy intake, perceptions of appetite and appetite-related hormones in sedentary, overweight men. Seventeen overweight men (body mass index: 27.7±1.6 kg m(-2); body mass: 89.8±10.1 kg; body fat: 30.0±4.3%; VO(2peak): 39.2±4.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed four 30-min experimental conditions using a randomised counterbalanced design. CON: resting control, MC: continuous moderate-intensity exercise (60% VO(2peak)), HI: high-intensity intermittent exercise (alternating 60 s at 100% VO(2peak) and 240 s at 50% VO(2peak)), VHI: very-high-intensity intermittent exercise (alternating 15 s at 170% VO(2peak) and 60 s at 32% VO(2peak)). Participants consumed a standard caloric meal following exercise/CON and an ad-libitum meal 70 min later. Capillary blood was sampled and perceived appetite assessed at regular time intervals throughout the session. Free-living energy intake and physical activity levels for the experimental day and the day after were also assessed. Ad-libitum energy intake was lower after HI and VHI compared with CON (P=0.038 and P=0.004, respectively), and VHI was also lower than MC (P=0.028). Free-living energy intake in the subsequent 38 h remained less after VHI compared with CON and MC (P≤0.050). These observations were associated with lower active ghrelin (P≤0.050), higher blood lactate (P≤0.014) and higher blood glucose (P≤0.020) after VHI compared with all other trials. Despite higher heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during HI and VHI compared with MC (P≤0.004), ratings of physical activity enjoyment were similar between all the exercise trials (P=0.593). No differences were found in perceived appetite between trials. High-intensity intermittent exercise suppresses subsequent ad-libitum energy intake in overweight inactive men. This format of exercise was found to be well tolerated in an overweight population.