Effect of whitening toothpastes on enamel color and surface roughness: A laboratory study.

Given the increasing prevalence of individuals using charcoal-based dentifrices over extended periods without professional oversight, concerns have emerged regarding their potential effects. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different charcoal-based products on color change (ΔE00), gloss stability, and surface roughness of dental enamel (Intact or bleached) and resin composites subjected to 12-month simulated brushing. 132 bovine crowns were randomly allocated and restored with either SS-single-shade or conventional multi-shade, NH-nanohybrid, NF- nano-filled, or BF- bulk-fill composite. A conventional toothpaste (Control), a charcoal-based toothpaste (DC) , and a charcoal-based toothpowder (PO) were evaluated corresponding to 1-, 2-, 6-, and 12-month simulated tooth brushing, respectively. Color (ΔE00) and surface roughness (Ra) were assessed at baseline and after each brushing (n=11). Gloss (GU) was assessed before and after brushing. The brushing products, as well as the enamel and composite surfaces, were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Color change, gloss stability, and surface roughness were analyzed by a three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test (α=0.05). Significant differences were found for composite color change (ΔE00) based on brushing product (P<0.001), brushing time (P<0.001), and their interaction (P<0.001), with similar changes across charcoal-based and conventional toothpaste. After 12 months of brushing with toothpowder (PO), all composites exceeded the acceptable ΔE00 threshold. Gloss values decreased significantly (P<0.001), with greater losses in NF and NH resins. Roughness (Ra) also increased more with PO than with toothpaste. Both PO and DC significantly reduced enamel gloss, especially on bleached enamel. Charcoal-based toothpaste alters the morphology, roughness, gloss, and color of enamel and resin composite, similar to regular toothpaste. Toothpowder creates surface irregularities, decreasing the gloss and increasing the color change and roughness, more strongly impacting bleached enamel and composites after 12-month simulated tooth brushing. Key words:Activated charcoal toothpaste, roughness, gloss, color change, tooth abrasion.

This study evaluated the color change (ΔE00) and surface roughness (Ra) of enamel submitted to prolonged toothbrushing with natural non-fluoride dentifrices. Five groups of bovine teeth (n=10) were brushed with a control dentifrice: (C) Colgate Total 12 – Colgate; and four natural dentifrices: (R) Restore – Jeunesse; (OG) OnGuard – doTerra; (OC) OzonCare – Philozon; and (N) Natural activated charcoal – Suavetex. Mechanical toothbrushing simulated one month (T1), six months (T2), one year (T3), and two years (T4) of product use. ΔE00 and Ra were measured before and after toothbrushing. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test were performed. Dentifrice (p&lt;0.001), toothbrushing time (p=0.004), and their interaction (p=0.031) influenced color change (ΔE00). Natural dentifrices promoted similar color change and Ra to the traditional product. After six months of simulated toothbrushing, OG promoted more color changes than N and R. Only OG and R reached ΔE00 above the acceptability threshold. OC and N dentifrices generated Ra above the limit of clinical roughness from T2. Toothbrushing with natural toothpaste for up to two years causes similar enamel color changes and roughness to the traditional product.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the influence of various in-office bleaching agents on enamel color change and surface roughness.Materials and Methods: Sixty human permanent maxillary central incisors were collected and maintained in cylinder plastic mold (1cm height and 2cm width). Teeth were assigned based on the test into two groups; color change test group (n=30), and the surface roughness test group (n=30). Based on the bleaching technique, each group was further assigned into 3 subgroups (n=10) (light activated bleaching agent: Philips Zoom, chemical-activated; Philips Dash and two layer technique chemical activated; Zoom QuickPro). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the enamel color change in each bleaching technique. In addition, a non-contact optical profilometer was used to assess the surface roughness both before and after bleaching. The outcomes for each test were analyzed statistically using Student’s t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc tukey. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.005.Results: Considering the color change measurements, all tested groups after bleaching exhibited statistical significant difference (P=0.0112). The Zoom group had the highest mean values subsequently Dash and Quick pro groups. For the surface roughness results, there was no statistical significant difference of all the tested groups after bleaching (P=0.592). Conclusions: All the studied in-office bleaching systems had a positive effect on teeth whitening; with the highest whitening potential for the light-activated system in comparison to the chemical-activated and two layer bleaching techniques. The enamel surface roughness exhibited insignificant changes in the different studied systems.

Background: Evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed into saliva collected from leukemia patient. Objective: To evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed on to saliva collected from 4 types of leukemia patient. Patients and Methods: 30 patients with 4 types of leukemia (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL, Acute myeloid leukemia AML, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL, and Chronic myeloid leukemia CML) were included for taking saliva separately. A total number of 50 enamel specimen and 50 of composite resin disk were prepared and randomly divided into 5 groups of enamel (1,2,3,4, and 5) and 5 groups of composite resin disk (A,B,C,D, and E), surface roughness and hardness were measured and data collected, group A and 1 were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days as control, group B and 2 immersed into saliva collected from patient with ALL, group C and 3 immersed into saliva collected from patient with AML, group D and 4 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CLL and group E and 5 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CML all group for 7 days then surface roughness and hardness were measured data collected and analyzed and statistically significant regarded at p&lt;0.05. Results: In group A and 1 artificial saliva there were no significant effect on surface roughness and hardness of both enamel and composite resin disk, while surface roughness and hardness of enamel and composite resin significantly changed after immersing in saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, patients and surface roughness of composite resin highly significantly increased after immersing in saliva of CML patients. Conclusion: Saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, and CML seems to significantly changes in mechanical properties of enamel and composite, however saliva of CML highly significantly increase surface roughness of composite resin. Keywords: 4 types’ leukemia, chemotherapy, surface roughness and hardness, enamel, dental composite resin.

Background: Evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed into saliva collected from leukemia patient.&#x0D; Objective: To evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed on to saliva collected from 4 types of leukemia patient.&#x0D; Patients and Methods: 30 patients with 4 types of leukemia (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL, Acute myeloid leukemia AML, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL, and Chronic myeloid leukemia CML) were included for taking saliva separately. A total number of 50 enamel specimen and 50 of composite resin disk were prepared and randomly divided into 5 groups of enamel (1,2,3,4, and 5) and 5 groups of composite resin disk (A,B,C,D, and E), surface roughness and hardness were measured and data collected, group A and 1 were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days as control, group B and 2 immersed into saliva collected from patient with ALL, group C and 3 immersed into saliva collected from patient with AML, group D and 4 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CLL and group E and 5 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CML all group for 7 days then surface roughness and hardness were measured data collected and analyzed and statistically significant regarded at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: In group A and 1 artificial saliva there were no significant effect on surface roughness and hardness of both enamel and composite resin disk, while surface roughness and hardness of enamel and composite resin significantly changed after immersing in saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, patients and surface roughness of composite resin highly significantly increased after immersing in saliva of CML patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, and CML seems to significantly changes in mechanical properties of enamel and composite, however saliva of CML highly significantly increase surface roughness of composite resin.

This clinical study evaluated the influence of whitening toothpaste on color and surface roughness of dental enamel. Initially, the abrasiveness of the toothpastes used (Sorriso Dentes Brancos [SDB]; Colgate Luminous White and Close up White Now) was tested on 30 (n = 10) plexiglass acrylic plates that were submitted to mechanical tooth brushing totalizing 29,200 cycles. Subsequently, 30 participants were selected, and received a toothbrush and nonwhitening toothpaste (SDB). The participants used these products for 7 days and initial color readouts (Spectrophotometer) and surface roughness of one maxillary central incisors was performed after this period of time. For surface roughness readouts, one replica of the maxillary central incisor was obtained by a polyvinyl siloxane impression material (Express) and polyurethane resin. After baseline measurements, participants were separated into three groups (n = 10), according to the toothpaste used. The participants returned after 7, 30, and 90 days when new color readouts and surface roughness were recorded. The measured values were statistically analyzed (2-way-ANOVA, repeated measures, Tukey, P < .05). Whitening toothpastes did not promote significant (P > .05) color alteration and nor increased the surface roughness of the dental enamel in brushing time of the study. The abrasiveness of whitening toothpaste and the brushing trial period did not affect the surface roughness of dental enamel. However, color changes observed on enamel were above the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds reported in the literature. The over-the-counter toothpastes tested had an effect on dental enamel color above the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds but did not change the surface roughness of the teeth.

To compare the impact of four effervescent vitamin tablets on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color of human enamel and contemporary composite resins. Sixty enamel and a total of 240 anterior (Gradia Direct Anterior), posterior (Gradia Direct Posterior), and universal composite resin (Filtek Ultimate) specimens (n = 60 per group) were fabricated. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups (n = 12, per subgroup). The specimens were subsequently immersed in YOUPLUS,Redoxon, Sunlife Immuvit, and Sambucol effervescent vitamin solutions for 2 min per day over 30 days. Distilled water was used as control. Subsequently, surface roughness (Ra) was detected using a profilometer, and microhardness (VHN) was measured using a microhardness tester. A spectrophotometer device was used to record the L,a,b color coordinates of the specimens after 24 h, 7 days, and 30 days, and the color changes (ΔE00) of the groups were calculated. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Levene's, and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) tests (p<0.05). SEM analysis was conducted on one randomly selected specimen per group (×1000). In terms of surface roughness, materialXvitamin interactions were found significant (p<0.05). The increase in Ra from 24 h to 30 days was found significant (p<0.05) except for Gradia Direct Anterior X Redoxon, Sunlife Immuvit and Sambucol, Filtek Ultimate X Sunlife Immuvit and Sambucol, and all control groups. Ra changes were also concluded by SEM. Regarding VHNs, material X vitamin interactions were significant (p<0.005), except for all Filtek Ultimate subgroups. The changes in VHNs of the groups from 24 h to 30 days were significant for all enamel and Gradia Direct Anterior X YOUPLUS, Gradia Posterior X YOUPLUS, Sunlife Immuvit, and Sambucol groups (p < 0.05). In terms of ΔE00, significant differences were observed between the 7 days and 30 days in the enamel (p = 0.047), Gradia Direct Anterior (p = 0.019), and Gradia Direct Posterior groups (p = 0.038). Daily consumption of effervescent vitamin tablets can increase surface roughness, decrease microhardness, and influence the color of human enamel and contemporary anterior, posterior, and universal composite resins after a 30-day period.

Although Spondias mombin L. extract has an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral microorganisms, it should be clarified how it affects enamel surface properties. Aim: To evaluate the color change, wettability/contact angle, surface roughness and morphology of bovine enamel submitted to the Spondias mombin L. extract. Methods: Thirty bovine teeth were distributed into the following groups: 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1:32 Spondias mombin L. extract and distilled water. Color change (CC) was evaluated after immerging specimens into the solutions for 14 days. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a roughness meter; wettability/contact angles (CA) were determined by the sessile drop method, and scanning electron microscopy images were obtained to characterize the morphology (SMA). The pH of the solutions was evaluated using a pHmeter. The Ra, CA, and CC data were parametric (Kolmogorov-Smirnov; p&gt;0.05). Two-way ANOVA (for Ra and CA) and one-way ANOVA (for CC) with Tukey’s posthoc tests at a significance level of 5% were used. SMA was analyzed descriptively. Results: The Spondias mombin L. extract revealed an acidic pH, and when in contact with the bovine teeth, it increased the wettability, but it did not cause statistically significant differences in the Ra. Spondias mombin L. extract caused the highest color change. The SEM images showed differences in the specimens’ surface submitted to the extract compared to the other groups. Conclusion: Spondias mombin L. extract provided negative effects on bovine enamel’s surface, including a high color change and a more wettable substrate.

The aim of dental adhesive restorations is to produce a long lasting union between the restoration and the tooth structure. This bond depends on many variables including the geometry of the preparation and the type of bonding agent or luting cement. It is therefore suggested that the topography of the tooth surface may influence the wettability and the bonding quality of adhesive systems. This study measured the surface roughness and wettability of enamel and dentine after preparation with different dental burs. The mesial and distal surfaces of 15 extracted sound human premolar teeth were prepared with a tungsten carbide crown bur, a diamond bur and a tungsten carbide finishing bur and finished in enamel or dentin, respectively. The prepared surfaces were analysed with a surface profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The contact angle of distilled water on each of the prepared surfaces was used as the measure of wettability. The differences in average surface roughness (Ra) were significant between the rotary instrument groups, as revealed by a two-way ANOVA test. No differences were detected between enamel and dentine surfaces prepared with the same type of dental bur. The smoothest surfaces were those completed with tungsten carbide finishing burs. The diamond bur preparations were intermediate in the roughness assessment and the tungsten carbide crown burs gave the roughest surfaces. There were no significant differences in the contact angle measurements for the various groups. It was concluded that the surface roughness of enamel and dentine prepared by different rotary instruments had no significant influence on the wettability of distilled water on these surfaces.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of whitening dentifrices and mouthwashes on color change (ΔE) and surface roughness (Ra) of resin-infiltrated enamel. The specimens were demineralized, infiltrated with Icon®️ and grouped according to the dentifrices to be used, after they were subjected to 30,000 brushing cycles. The groups were further subdivided according to the mouthwash type and were then submitted to immersion cycles for 45 days. Ra was evaluated in a rugosimeter, surface morphology analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ΔE was evaluated using a spectrophotometer 3 times (at: T0 - initial, T1 - after brushing, T2 - after mouthwash). Analyses were performed using the SPSS 2.0 software, with a significance level of 5%, except for SEM analyses, which were evaluated only aualitatively. For Ra tests, Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's analyses as well as Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon’s test were applied. For color tests, one-way (Brushing) and two-way (mouthwashes/toothpaste) factor ANOVA were used. Ra decreased after the brushing cycles and the use of mouthwashes did not produce significant changes on the surface. SEM images also demonstrated a decrease in Ra. ΔE for all groups was above the levels of acceptability and perceptibility while there was no difference in ΔE among the tested groups. In conclusion, the dentifrices used caused a reduction in surface roughness, suggesting a degradation of the material, unlike the mouthwashes, which did not produce significant differences. Regarding color, all samples were above the level of clinical acceptability.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of mouth rinses on the color, microhardness, and surface roughness of tooth enamel. Sixty dental blocks were collected from human third molars and divided in five groups (n = 12): the control group (CG) without immersion in mouth rinse, Listerine Zero, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint, Listerine Whitening, and Colgate Luminous White. The groups were subjected to initial color analysis; the microhardness and roughness of the enamel surfaces were evaluated. Next, the samples were subjected to immersion in mouth rinses or brushing with conventional fluoride toothpaste (CG) according to the manufacturer's instructions; after a 12-week treatment, the color, microhardness, and roughness were once again assessed and compared with the initial analysis. Data were tabulated and analyzed through a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (color and roughness) followed by Tukey's test. Microhardness was analyzed through the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test; the level of significance was 5%. All groups immersed in mouth rinses had a higher level of microhardness loss than CG; additionally, all groups showed changes in the enamel surface. Enamel surface loss was observed using a roughness test, and the mouth rinses promoted a higher level of color changes than CG. Given the results, it can be concluded that the mouth rinses led to significant changes in tooth enamel.

Charcoal based oral care products have gained popularity in the last few years. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effects of different charcoal based whitening toothpastes on color, surface roughness and microhardness of human enamel. Forty-eight specimens obtained from human permanent upper incisor teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=12):Group-1:Colgate Total 12(CT); Group-2:Body Kingdom(BK); Group-3:Black is White(BW), Group-4:Colgate optic white(COW). Following 4 days cycle of darkening(2-min chlorhexidine and 60-min black tea per day), a 12- week brushing(twice daily for 1 min)was performed. Color of specimens was measured using a spectrophotometer. A contact type profilometer was used to measure surface roughness (Ra) and Vicker's hardness tester was used for the changes in microhardness(VHN). A representative sample from each group was visualized by SEM. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, Welch, Fisher's, Kruskall-Wallis, Wilcoxon Sign Rank and Paired t-tests(p<0.05). After 12- week brushing, no differences were found among the groups in terms of color change(p=0.989). All toothpastes tested showed no clinically acceptable whitening performances. A substantial increase in surface roughness was found in all groups, except BW(p<0.05). An increase was found in microhardness with CT(p=0.013), while no changes were found with BK, BW and COW(p>0.05).Only few scratches were observed on the enamel surfaces by SEM evaluations. Twelve week brushing with charcoal based whitening toothpastes and a regular fluoridated toothpastepresented similar effects in color of enamel. Surface roughness was increased(except BW) while microhardness was not affected(except CT) with charcoal based whitening toothpastes. Charcoal based whitening toothpastes do not promise to whiten the human permanent teeth and their effects on enamel abrasion should not be disregarded.

To assess the impact of resin infiltration treatment on enamel color stability and surface roughness after simulating daily exposure to coffee stains and regular toothbrushing with standard toothpaste. In this in vitro study, we utilized 47 caries-free human enamel specimens, which were divided into two distinct groups. The teeth in the study group underwent artificial demineralization, Icon resin infiltration, and polishing, while the control group received only polishing. Following this, all teeth from both groups were regularly immersed in freshly brewed coffee for 15 min, twice daily, over a span of 30 days. After each staining session, the teeth underwent 10 heavy circular strokes using a soft toothbrush and standard toothpaste. Color changes were measured on Days 1 and 30 using a spectrophotometer. The L*, a*, b* color system defined by the International Commission on Illumination was used to assess the changes. Surface roughness was evaluated at baseline and after 30 days using a 3D surface Metrology Microscope. After 30 days of immersion in coffee, both the study and control groups showed significant changes in color. However, differences were statistically significant between groups for "L" and "a" parameter but not for "b." The overall color change in the study group was higher than the control group. There were no significant differences in surface roughness within or between the groups before and after staining and brushing. Resin infiltration leads to a significant increase in staining compared to untreated enamel. These staining properties should be taken into account when making clinical decisions regarding the treatment of white spot lesions.

Thirty-six bovine incisors and resin composite samples were prepared, stained with black tea, and then randomly divided into two groups. The samples were brushed with a charcoal-containing toothpaste (Colgate® MAX WHITE) and daily toothpaste (Colgate® Max Fresh) for 10,000 cycles. Before and after brushing cycles, color variables (ΔL, Δa, Δb), total color change (ΔE), plus Vickers microhardness were evaluated. Two samples of each group were prepared for surface roughness assessment via atomic force microscope. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, Independent sample t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests. According to the obtained results, ΔE and ΔL were significantly higher whereas Δa and Δb were noticeably lower in charcoal-containing toothpaste group in comparison with daily toothpaste in both composite and enamel samples. The microhardness of samples brushed with Colgate® MAX WHITE was significantly higher than that of Colgate® Max Fresh in enamel (P = 0.04), whereas no significant difference was found in composite resin samples (P = 0.23). Colgate® MAX WHITE enhanced the roughness of both enamel and composite surfaces. The charcoal-containing toothpaste could improve the color of both enamel and resin composite with no negative effect on microhardness. Nevertheless, its adverse roughening effect should be considered occasionally on composite restorations.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the pH levels of three in-office bleaching gels on the surface roughness of bovine enamel, after the bleaching protocol. Materials and methods: 36 samples of bovine enamel were obtained, which were cut and divided into three groups (n=12): 40%hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Boost40%), 35% hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP AutoMixx) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP Blue), receiving a 40-minute application of bleaching. The average pH values were determined using a pH meter during the initial and final application of the gel. A roughness meter was used to assess surface roughness (Ra) before and after bleaching. Data were analyzed with the Friedmann and wilcoxon test (difference between groups); the Kruskall Wallis and U Mann test (difference in each group), as well as Pearson or Spearman test for correlation. Results: There is an increase in pH values from the beginning to the end of bleaching in all groups, except for the 35% hydrogen peroxide group (Whiteness HP Automixx). For surface roughness results there is an increase in all groups. No correlation was found between pH values of the bleaching gels and the surface roughness of the enamel after bleaching. Conclusions: Hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels with high concentrations that have a high or low pH could cause alterations in the surface of the tooth enamel, such as increase in surface roughness.