Effect of Variation in Temperature of Water in Close Proximity on the Rheotactic Motor Output: A Study in Zebrafish Model Using a Laboratory Developed Specialized Apparatus

In laboratory and especially non-laboratory stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) applications, the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of the cameras used in the system may change slightly due to the camera warm-up effect and possible variations in ambient temperature. Because these camera parameters are generally calibrated once prior to measurements and considered to be unaltered during the whole measurement period, the changes in these parameters unavoidably induce displacement/strain errors. In this study, the effect of temperature variations on stereo-DIC measurements is investigated experimentally. To quantify the errors associated with camera or ambient temperature changes, surface displacements and strains of a stationary optical quartz glass plate with near-zero thermal expansion were continuously measured using a regular stereo-DIC system. The results confirm that (1) temperature variations in the cameras and ambient environment have a considerable influence on the displacements and strains measured by stereo-DIC due to the slightly altered extrinsic and intrinsic camera parameters; and (2) the corresponding displacement and strain errors correlate with temperature changes. For the specific stereo-DIC configuration used in this work, the temperature-induced strain errors were estimated to be approximately 30-50 με/°C. To minimize the adverse effect of camera temperature variations on stereo-DIC measurements, two simple but effective solutions are suggested.

The temperature variation have a larger effect on metal material condensation crispness properties, its impact is nonlinear, and the method for measuring the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness based on least square method is raised. The ultrasonic technology is utilized to collect related signal of metal material condensation crispness. The correlation between ultrasonic spectroscopy is calculated, and the relationship analysis model of the temperature changes and the metal material condensation crispness is given, to complete the measurement experiment for the effect of temperature change on the metal material condensation crispness. The experimental results show that, on the basis of the proposed algorithm to measure the effect of temperature variations on metal material condensation crispness, can greatly improve the accuracy of measurement, so as to meet the needs of practical applications. Introduction With the development of the construction industry, the construction safety requirements are also getting higher and higher [1]. Metal material as a main building materials, the condensation crispness is core factor influencing construction quality [2]. A large number of studies show that, temperature variation have great effect on metal material condensation crispness [3]. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of construction, the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness have to be measured precisely [4]. Thus, measurement method of the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness, has become the core problem need to be researched in the construction field, and attracts the attention of many experts and scholars [5]. At current stage, the main measuring method of the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness includes the measurement method based on the feature spectrum algorithm, the measurement method based on image difference algorithm, the measurement method based on infrared signal [6-8]. The measurement method of effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness plays a vital role on construction safety, therefore, has a broad space for developing [9]. With the traditional measurement method based on infrared signal to measure the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness, due to the uncertainty of temperature variation, the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness is non-linear, resulting in inaccurate traditional measuring method [10]. The optimization of measurement method for the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness With the traditional measurement method to measure the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness, due to the uncertainty of temperature variation, the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness is non-linear, resulting in inaccurate traditional measuring method. To this end, a measurement method for the effect of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness based on least square method is proposed. The measuring method for metal material condensation crispness During the measuring process of temperature variation on metal material condensation crispness, the covering area of the building is ( , )( 1,2, , ) k k y z k p =  , the corresponding feature space can be International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering (AMCCE 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 1285 expressed by 1 2 { , , , } p span κ η η η =  , according to the following formula to calculate the square difference of metal material condensation crispness measurement error: 2 2 * 2 2 0 0 [ ( ) ] p p k k k k k U y z e e = = = = − ∑ ∑ 2

The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude

Mixing temperature has an important role in the performance of the asphalt mixture that has been made. If the mixing temperature is too low and causes the viscosity value to be high, it will make it difficult to carry out asphalt mixing and was studied in the laboratory for two months which aims to determine the effect of mixing temperature variations on the value of marshall parameters and determine the effect of temperature variations on the performance of AC-WC asphalt pavement mixing. Characteristics of Temperature Variations in AC-BC asphalt mixtures for temperature variations of 140, 150 and 160, from the results of testing vim at a temperature of 160 with a value of 6.63 does not meet specifications, at a VFB value at a temperature of 160 does not meet specifications with a VFB value of 64.25, for the value of stablity, VMA, flow, MQ all meet specifications. so it can be concluded that the greater the temperature can make the asphalt mixture ineffective or the quality of the AC-BC asphalt decreases. The effect of temperature variation on AC-BC asphalt mixture is not optimal because the greater the temperature parameter can reduce the quality of AC-BC. The results of the proof of the marshal test of several temperature variations that do not meet the specifications make some marsall tests not pass specifications and density results that are not solid.

Aim: The Aim of the study is to check the effects of variation in temperature on the Permanent deformation of elastic chains. Objective: To investigate the effect of variation in temperature on the permanent deformation of elastic chains. Materials and method: Samples of elastic chains are taken and subjected to various temperature for 5 minutes 4 times a day .Samples are put under 5 groups;Group 1 was subjected to a temperature of 0°,Group 2 was subjected to a temperature of 20°,Group 3was subjected to a temperature of 40°,Group 4 was subjected to a temperature of 60°,Group 5 was subjected to a temperature of 80°.Background: In orthodontic treatment,elastomeric chains exhibit good elasticity they are used for retraction,space closure.The main advantage of these elastomeric chains are they are cost efficient,ease of application, patient and clinician comfort.Any alteration in the mechanical properties of elastomers affects the function of the chains.It s influenced by the change in temperature due to consumption of very cold to very hot food.Constant exposure to such varying temperatures may affect the elastomers and lead to deformation.

Experiments were conducted in winter (October to January) and summer (May to August) seasons to study the effect of seasonal temperature variations on the vermicomposting of household waste using Eisenia fetida earthworms. The prevailing temperatures during experiments were in the range of −2.7°C to 35.0°C during winter season and 18.0°C to 44.4°C during summer season. Organic matter degradation was higher during winter than summer season. The electrical conductivity (EC) of vermicomposts was increased in the range of 2.3–7.8% in winter season; however, the increase in EC was 0.9–1.8% during summer season for different waste mixtures. There was about 56.2–80% increase in total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) content during winter season, whereas the TKN increase was 23.9–44% during summers. The C:N ratio also decreased remarkably in all the waste mixtures during vermicomposting in both the seasons. However, the C:N ratio reduction was more significant during winter (47–60%) than in summer (31–44%). After the observation period, the net worm biomass achieved was higher during winter than summer season. The temperature variations during winter supported the life activities of earthworms more favourably than in summer. The results indicated that growth and reproductive potential of the earthworms were affected not only by the quality and quantity of the feed but also by ambient temperature.

: The paper discusses experiments on the reaction of the bryozoan Lepralia pallasiana to variations of water salinity and temperature. The effect of salinity variations on the species was investigated in containers containing Black Sea water with normal salinity (18 o/oo) and reduced salinities 14, 12 and 10 o/oo at the usual temperature in summer (20-24C). The effect of temperature variations on the species was investigated in winter at temperatures 25, 15 and 10C in waters having the salinities of 18, 14, 12, and 10 o/oo. On the basis of the tests it was disclosed that within the salinity range from 18 to 12 o/oo at the usual summer temperature the growth of the bryozoans can be considered as normal, whereas with the salinity of 10 o/oo the growth and gemmation ceases. As to the variations in temperature, it was found that at 15C the growth is greatly retarded and at 10C it ceases. The combined effect of variations in salinity and temperature increased the retardation of growth so that the growth rate of L. pallasiana at a salinity reduced to 12 o/oo and temperature to 15C was 14 times slower than at 25C, but at 10 o/oo and 15C it was 30 times slower than at 18 o/oo.

Growth patterns and optimum habitat of Larimichthys crocea throughout ontogenesis based on a bioenergetics model

Along with climate change, unstable weather patterns are becoming more frequent. However, the temporal trend associated with the effect of temperature variation on schizophrenia (SCZ) is not clear. Daily time-series data on SCZ and meteorological factors for 15-year between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2019 were collected. And we used the Poisson regression model combined with the time-varying distribution lag nonlinear model (DLNM) to explore the temporal trend of the association between three temperature variation indicators (diurnal temperature range, DTR; temperature variability, TV; temperature change between neighboring days, TCN) and SCZ hospitalizations, respectively. Meanwhile, we also explore the temporal trend of the interaction between temperature and temperature variation. Stratified analyses were performed in different gender, age, and season. Across the whole population, we found a decreasing trend in the risk of SCZ hospitalizations associated with high DTR (from 1.721 to 1.029), TCN (from 1.642 to 1.066), and TV (TV0-1, from 1.034 to 0.994; TV0-2, from 1.041 to 0.994, TV0-3, from 1.044 to 0.992, TV0-4, from 1.049 to 0.992, TV0-5, from 1.055 to 0.993, TV0-6, from 1.059 to 0.991, TV0-7, from 1.059 to 0.990), but an increasing trend in low DTR (from 0.589 to 0.752). Subgroup analysis results further revealed different susceptible groups. Besides, the interactive effect suggests that temperature variation may cause greater harm under low-temperature conditions. There was a synergy between TCN and temperature on the addition and multiplication scales, which were 1.068 (1.007, 1.133) and 0.067 (0.009, 0.122), respectively. Our findings highlight public health interventions to mitigate temperature variation effects needed to focus not only on high temperature variations but also moderately low temperature variations. Future hospitalizations for SCZ associated with temperature variation may be more severely affected by temperature variability from low temperature environments. The temporal trend is associated with the effect of temperature variation on schizophrenia (SCZ).

Temperature and humidity modelling for a sewer pipe

We investigate the effects of seasonal variations in water composition and temperature on the performance of two full-scale drinking water treatment plants in Scotland, equipped with tubular cellulose acetate nanofiltration membranes. Multiple environmental and water quality parameters, recorded over a 4.5-year period, were correlated against membrane permeance, cleaning frequency, and useful life. Membrane autopsies enabled the characterization of the foulant composition. Temporal variations in temperature at plant X led to significant biofouling (manifested by permeance losses of 30-50%, and bacteria detected on the membrane surface) during the summer months, when water temperatures exceeded 20 °C and microbiological activity was highest. Plant Y, in contrast, displayed smaller seasonal variations and was operationally stable without significant fouling. A pronounced increase in manganese and iron (up to 200 and 600 μg/L, respectively) in the lake water at plant X in summer was accompanied by elevated content (∼60 mg/m2) of those metals on the membrane surface, which was consistent with lake thermal stratification and metal input from the sediment into the water column. Our work shows that membrane plants in regions supplied by standing surface water bodies, such as plant X, are more vulnerable to biofouling, especially during warmer months.

Since 1960s, many research works on the reinforced concrete structure have been published and some concise and practical calculation methods for safety control during construction have been achieved. The reinforced concrete structure during construction is a time-dependent structure which consists of a partly completed structure and a formwork-shore system. Experience shows that the most critical condition of the time-dependent structure may happen when the formwork-shore system is partly removed or reset and accidents may occur. In the present paper, effect of ambient temperature variation between day and night is considered, new structural models for reinforced concrete frames, slab-column systems and shear wall structures are proposed, and a new software named Safety Analysis During Construction Considering Temperature (SACT) is also introduced. Compared with on-site measurements, the software SACT is validated for application on construction site.

In this paper, we analyze the combined effects of size quantization and device temperature variations (T = 50 K to 400 K) on the intrinsic carrier concentration (ni), electron concentration (n) and thereby on the threshold voltage (Vth) for thin silicon film (tsi = 1 nm to 10 nm) based fully-depleted Double-Gate Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs. The threshold voltage (Vth) is defined as the gate voltage (Vg) at which the potential at the center of the channel (Φc) begins to saturate (Φc=Φc(sat)). It is shown that in the strong quantum confinement regime (tsi≤3nm), the effects of size quantization far over-ride the effects of temperature variations on the total change in band-gap (ΔEg(eff)), intrinsic carrier concentration (ni), electron concentration (n), Φc(sat) and the threshold voltage (Vth). On the other hand, for tsi≥4 nm, it is shown that size quantization effects recede with increasing tsi, while the effects of temperature variations become increasingly significant. Through detailed analysis, a physical model for the threshold voltage is presented both for the undoped and doped cases valid over a wide-range of device temperatures, silicon film thicknesses and substrate doping densities. Both in the undoped and doped cases, it is shown that the threshold voltage strongly depends on the channel charge density and that it is independent of incomplete ionization effects, at lower device temperatures. The results are compared with the published work available in literature, and it is shown that the present approach incorporates quantization and temperature effects over the entire temperature range. We also present an analytical model for Vth as a function of device temperature (T).

One of the major effective parameters on the combined cycle power plants’ performance is the ambient temperature. In this paper, the thermal and exergy analyses of a 400 MW combined cycle power plant is presented. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of ambient temperature variation on the exergy loss of the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). The HRSGs of this CCPP are equipped with the supplementary firing. The estimations are done for the yearly minimum average, yearly average and yearly maximum temperatures. The results have been used to evaluate the exergy losses for each element of HRSG. The exergy losses of these devices are presented for all above mentioned temperatures and the effects of temperature variation are discussed to find out the most irreversible parts of HRSG. The results show that for the fired and unfired modes, the exergy loss in 1st HP-EVP is more than other parts. The results also show that the exergy losses have a minimum point at 19°C which is the design temperature. Moreover, the results reveal that the supplementary firing increases the exergy loss of HRSG as well.

Atmospheric line-of-sight (LOS) wind measurement by means of incoherent Cabannes- Mie lidar with three frequency analyzers, two double-edge Fabry-Perot interferometers, one at 1064 nm (IR-FPI) and another at 355 nm (UV-FPI), as well as an iodine vapor filter (IVF) at 532 nm, utilizing either a single absorption edge, single edge (se-IVF), or both absorption edges, double edge (de-IVF), was considered in a companion paper [Appl. Opt. 46, 4434 (2007)], assuming known atmospheric temperature and aerosol mixing ratio, Rb. The effects of temperature and aerosol variations on the uncertainty of LOS wind measurements are investigated and it is found that while the effect of temperature variation is small, the variation in R(b) can cause significant errors in wind measurements with IVF systems. Thus the means to incorporate a credible determination of R(b) into the wind measurement are presented as well as an assessment of the impact on wind measurement uncertainty. Unlike with IVF methods, researchers can take advantage of design flexibility with FPI methods to desensitize either molecular scattering for IR-FPI or aerosol scattering for UV-FPI. The additional wind measurement uncertainty caused by R(b) variation with FPI methods is thus negligible for these configurations. Assuming 100,000 photons from Cabannes scattering, and accounting for the Rb measurement incorporated into the IVF method in this paper, it is found that the lowest wind uncertainty at low wind speeds in aerosol-free air is still with UV-FPI, ~32% lower than with de-IVF. For 0.05<R(b)<0.07, the LOS wind uncertainty is lowest with de-IVF, and for R(b)>0.07, the IR-FPI outperforms all other methods. In addition to LOS wind uncertainty comparison under high wind speed conditions, the need of an appropriate and readily available narrowband filter for operating the wind lidar at visible wavelengths under sunlit condition is discussed; with such a filter the degradation of LOS wind measurement attributable to clear sky background is estimated to be 5% or less for practical lidar systems.