Abstract
Purpose: To determine the potential effect of total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome on bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
 Methods: The rats were divided into four groups: normal control, ovariectomized (OVX) control, and two Drynaria rhizome (DR) flavonoids treatments. Post-operation, osteoporotic OVX rats were given Drynaria rhizome total flavonoids for 3 months. Thereafter, the expressions of bone-related genes and biochemical indices were investigated in samples taken from the serum and bone of the rats.
 Results: Treatment with total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome prevented bone mineral loss and improved some related biochemical indices associated with osteoporosis: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), bone gla protein (BGP) and estradiol (E2). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data showed that treatment with the total flavonoids significantly downregulated mRNA expression of Wnt10b, β-catenin, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) and BMP4 in OVX rats, but significantly reversed OVX-induced downregulation of dickkopf1 (Dkk1) mRNA expression.
 Conclusion: These results indicate that total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome exert anti-osteoporotic effects in rats via WNT signaling and BMP-2 signaling pathways.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a concomitant of old age and a source of serious debilitation due to increased incidence of bone breakages, deterioration in life quality or even mortality [1,2]
Oophorectomy led to significant increases in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), when compared with normal control (p < 0.001)
The total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome influenced serum ALP levels. These findings indicate that total flavonoids from Drynaria rhizome have obvious effect on osteoblast differentiation
Summary
Osteoporosis is a concomitant of old age and a source of serious debilitation due to increased incidence of bone breakages, deterioration in life quality or even mortality [1,2]. It is a disease of global concern which affects more than 200 million people yearly [3,4,5]. Studies have revealed that 30 % of females and 20 % of males above the age of 50 experience bone fractures [5]. Its rhizomes are essential components of a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine for treating osteoporosis and fractures [6]. Previous phytochemical investigations reported the isolation of some triterpenoids and flavonoids
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