Effect of substituion of different levels of nano dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) with dicalcium phosphate on serum blood biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology and microflora and bone characteristics in broiler Japanese quails

Aim:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented fish silage (FFS) on serum biochemical parameters of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica).Materials and Methods:A total of 192, 7-day-old broiler Japanese quail chicks of either sex, were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments with four replicates in each group having 12 chicks in each replicate pen. The dietary treatments were T1 – Control diet, T2 – Diet containing 5% FFS, T3 – Diet containing 10% FFS, and T4 – Diet containing 15% FFS. Group body weight and feed consumption were recorded at weekly intervals. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was derived by dividing the feed consumed with the weekly body weight gain. At the end of the experiment, 8 birds from each treatment were selected randomly and sacrificed by cervical dislocation to study the carcass traits expressed as % pre-slaughter live weight. At 5 weeks of age, about 2 ml of blood was taken from the jugular vein of each selected bird, and serum samples were separated after centrifugation. Total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, calcium, phosphorus, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were estimated in the serum.Result:The cumulative body weight gains from 1 to 5 weeks of age did not vary significantly between control and 5% FFS group. However, a linear decrease in body weight gain was observed by increasing the levels of FFS beyond 5% in the diet. The cumulative feed consumption was significantly higher in case of birds under control group during 1-5 weeks of age as compared to birds fed FFS based diet (5%, 10%, and 15%). No statistical difference in cumulative feed conversion ratio could be noticed during 1-5 weeks of age. The eviscerated yield decreased and giblet weight increased due to the dietary supplementation of FFS at 15% level. The breast meat yield decreased due to dietary supplementation of FFS at 10% and 15% level in the diet of broiler Japanese quails. The effect of FFS was found to be nonsignificant (p>0.05) with respect to serum total protein, globulin and A/G ratio under different treatments whereas significant difference observed in serum albumin concentration. Dietary supplementation of FFS at 10% and 15% level significantly increased the AST concentration in serum. There was no significant difference among the treatments regarding the parameters such as ALT, calcium, phosphorous, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C, and LDL-C.Conclusion:The serum-biochemical parameters are influenced by the dietary supplementation of FFS in broiler Japanese quails.

Evaluation of supplemental fish bone meal made from Alaska seafood processing byproducts and dicalcium phosphate in plant protein based diets for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effects of Fermentation Product Containing Phytase on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, and Phosphorous Apparent Metabolism of Laying Hens Fed Different Levels of Phosphorus

The effects of water supplements i.e. sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), potassium chloride (KCl) and ascorbic acid were evaluated on feed intake, weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), serum potassium, serum bicarbonate level and on blood parameters in broiler Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to high ambient temperature (34 0 C, 8hr/d, 0900-1700hr). The quail chicks (n=300; 14 days old) kept at 34 0 C (heat-stressed) were divided into five groups (B, C, D, E, F) of 60 chicks each. Group B with no water supplementations, group C supplemented with (250 mg of L-ascorbic acid/liter of water), group D (125mg of potassium chloride/liter of water), group E (75mg sodium bicarbonate/liter of water), group F (250 mg of L- ascorbic acid +75mg/liter sodium bicarbonate/liter of water, whereas group A chicks (n=60) kept at 22 0 C were fed the basal diet (TN group). Heat-stressed quails of group B, lead to significant decrease (P <0.05) in weight gain, serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level, erythrocytes, monocytes, lymphocyte proportions with increase in H/L ratio from 0.55 to 0.62 whereas the proportions of eosinophil and hematocrit values were not as much significantly affected. Groups (C, D, E and F) supplemented with Vit C, KCl and NaHCO3 respectively at the level of 250 mg/L, 125gm/L and 75mg per liter of drinking water alone and in combination had significantly increased (P<0.05) serum potassium and serum bicarbonate level, erythrocytes, with improved weight gain and FCR. The results of the present study showed that supplementing a combination of vit. C and sodium bicarbonate in drinking water offered a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related decreases in broiler Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

In this study, the effects of dietary copper supplements on broiler Japanese quail growth performance, immune response, blood biochemistry, and carcass quality were examined. Two copper sources (copper sulphate-CuS, and copper methionine-CuM), each at five distinct dietary dosages of 5, 10, 15, 100, and 150mg/kg, were used. A total of 280 (10 × 4 × 7) day-old quail chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into 10 treatments with 4 replicates each and having 7 chicks in each replicate. In comparison to CuS-supplemented diets, CuM-supplemented diets (100mg Cu/kg diet) considerably (P ≤ 0.01) increased body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). In the 150-mg CuM/kg diet, the cell-mediated immune response (foot web index to PHAP) was considerably (P ≤ 0.01) greater. The humoral immune response (HA titre to SRBC) was substantially (P ≤ 0.01) lower with CuS-supplemented meals than with CuM-supplemented diets. When compared to CuS source, the weight of the bursa and spleen from CuM source was considerably (P ≤ 0.01) higher. The 100- and 150-mg CuM/kg diets considerably (P ≤ 0.01) reduced serum cholesterol levels. Thus, it may be concluded that dietary supplementation of copper methionine as a source of Cu @ 100mg Cu/kg diet to broiler Japanese quails was more effective in improving growth performance, immunological response, carcass quality features, and serum cholesterol reduction.

Crossbred pigs (n = 144, average age and weight = 28 +/- 3 d, 7.5 kg) were used in two 6-wk trials to assess the effects of dietary pH and P source on growth performance, gastrointestinal digesta pH and chloride ion concentration (Cl-), and bone characteristics. Treatments were randomly allotted within blocks (based on weight within gender) to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three dietary pH levels (5.4, 6.0, and 6.7) and two P sources: dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP). Pigs fed the pH 6.7 diet had reduced ADG (P less than .01) and average daily feed intakes (ADFI; P less than .001) during wk 1 to 3 and overall compared with pigs fed the pH 6.0 diet, but ADG and ADFI were not affected when the pH 5.4 diet was fed. There was a dietary pH x P source interaction (P less than .05) for ADFI. Pigs had decreased ADFI as dietary pH was increased from 6.0 to 6.7 for both DCP and DFP, but ADFI was similar for the pH 6.0 and 5.4 diets with DFP, whereas ADFI was greater for the pH 5.4 diet with DCP. Dietary pH did not influence ADFI:ADG ratio (F:G; P greater than .05), and P source had no effect (P greater than .05) on either ADG, ADFI, or F:G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

‘Ace’ lilies were grown in soils amended with: dicalcium phosphate; dicalcium phosphate and elevated levels of F, B, or F plus B; superphosphate; and with superphosphate plus B. Not only were symptoms of B injury evident earlier than those of F injury, but B and F toxicity syndromes were readily distinguishable. Plants grown with B had chlorotic and necrotic leaf tips without chlorotic and necrotic basal leaves, and the leaves contained elevated B levels. In B injury, the necrotic area was sharply delineated from live tissue. Plants grown with F on superphosphate had basal leaves that were chlorotic and necrotic, had upper leaves that were chlorotic and necrotic, and contained elevated F levels. Initial symptoms of injury in plants grown in soils amended with dicalcium phosphate and F plus B, with superphosphate plus B, and with dicalcium phosphate plus B were similar, because of the early effect of B. At flowering, plants grown in soils amended with dicalcium phosphate and F plus B, with dicalcium phosphate plus F, with superphosphate, and with superphosphate plus B were severely injured.

A feeding trial was conducted to discern the influence of dietary incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on carcass characteristics, cut-up parts, and weights of organs parameters of broiler Japanese quail. A total 288 day-old Japanese quail chicks were randomly distributed into eight treatments of 36 Japanese quail chicks per treatment with three replicates of 12 quail in each. Japanese quail of treatment T1 (control group) were fed a basal diet (starter and finisher), whereas in treatment group T2 basal diet was incorporated with Vitamin C @200 mg/kg, T3 basal diet was incorporated with Vitamin E @10 IU/kg, and in diets T4, T5, T6, T7, and T8, the basal diet was incorporated with 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%, 7.0% and 9.0% Moringa oleifera leaf meal, respectively. Results showed that non-significant (P≥0.05) difference were noticed in the dressing percentage without giblet, with giblet, cut-up parts viz., neck, back, wing, breast, thigh and drumstick, weights of organs in broiler Japanese quail when Japanese quail was fed diet with different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. But significantly (P≤0.05) higher meat-bone ratio was seen in T5 group while lower was seen in T8 treatment group as compared to control. It can be concluded that 3.0 % Moringa oleifera leaf meal can be incorporated in feed for improvement of carcass characteristics of the broiler Japanese quail.

Single and combined effects of phytase and citric acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, bone characteristics, intestinal morphology, and blood components in meat-type quails fed low-phosphorous diets

In this study, different levels of Gracilariopsis persica (G. persica) seaweed were examined on growth performance, blood biochemistry parameters, carcass characteristics, cecal microflora counts, and intestinal morphology in Japanese quail. A total of 480 one-day-old Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix japonica) were completely randomized design to 16 cages (n = 4 treatment; 4 replicates and 30 birds per replicate). The dietary inclusion rates of G. persica seaweed were as follows: 0 (control group), 1, 3, and 5%. The experimental duration lasted for 6 weeks. The live body weight of quails increased when fed with control and 3% G. persica seaweed diets, compared to those fed 5% G. persica seaweed diet (P &lt; 0.05). In the jejunum, the use of a diet containing 1% G. persica seaweed increased villus width, compared to birds fed with control diet (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the use of a diet containing 5% G. persica seaweed increased the cecal microbial populations of Lactobacillus, compared to control and 3% G. persica seaweed diets (P &lt; 0.05). Based on the results, incorporating up to 5% Gracilariopsis persica seaweed into the diet of Japanese quails not only enhanced performance during the first three weeks but also improved carcass characteristics, cecal microflora counts, and intestinal morphology.

The impact of dietary nutrients on body growth performance and the composition of gut microbes and metabolites is well-established. In this study, we aimed to determine whether dietary protein can regulate the physiological indexes and changes the intestinal tissue morphology in rats, and if dietary protein was a crucial regulatory factor for the composition, function, and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota. A total of thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (inbred strain, weighted 110 ± 10g) were randomly assigned to receive diets containing animal-based protein (whey protein, WP), plant-based protein (soybean protein, SP), or a blended protein (soybean-whey proteins, S-WP) for a duration of 8weeks. To investigate the effects of various protein supplement sources on gut microbiota and metabolites, we performed a high throughput 16S rDNA sequencing association study and fecal metabolomics profiling on the SD rats. Additionally, we performed analyses of growth indexes, serum biochemical indexes, and intestinal morphology. The rats in S-WP and WP group exhibited a significantly higher body weight and digestibility of dietary protein compared to the SP group (P < 0.05). The serum total protein content of rats in the WP and S-WP groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in SP group, and the SP group exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.05) serum blood glucose levels compared to the other two groups. The morphological data showed the rats in the S-WP group exhibited significantly longer villus height and shallower crypt depth (P < 0.05) than the SP group. The gut microbial diversity of the SP and S-WP groups exhibited a higher level than that of the WP group, and the microbiomes of the WP and S-WP groups are more similar compared to those of the SP group. The Arachidonic acid metabolism pathway is the most significant KEGG pathway when comparing the WP group and the SP group, as well as when comparing the SP group and the S-WP group. The type of dietary proteins exerted a significant impact on the physiological indices of SD rats. Intake of S-WP diet can enhance energy provision, improve the body's digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as promote intestinal tissue morphology. In addition, dietary protein plays a crucial role in modulating fecal metabolites by regulating the composition of the gut microbiota. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the changes in the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites and secondary bile acid metabolite induced by Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group maybe the primarily causes of intestinal morphological differences.

Pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics at a rate much faster than the discovery of new antimicrobial compounds. Reports of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from broilers, and the possibility that these strains may spread diseases amongst humans, prompted many European countries to ban the inclusion of antibiotics in feed. Probiotics added to broiler feed controlled a number of bacterial infections. A combination of Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bacillus animalis, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus reuteri decreased the colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella Enteritidis in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of broilers, whereas Bacillus subtilis improved feed conversion, intestinal morphology, stimulated the immune system and inhibited the colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Minnesota. Lactobacillus salivarius and Pediococcus parvulus improved weight gain, bone characteristics, intestinal morphology and immune response, and decreased the colonisation of S. Enteritidis. Lactobacillus crispatus, L. salivarius, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens decreased the Salmonella count and led to an increase in lysozyme and T lymphocytes. Probiotics may also improve feed digestion through production of phytases, lipases, amylases and proteases or stimulate the GIT to secrete digestive enzymes. Some strains increase the nutritional value of feed by production of vitamins, exopolysaccharides and antioxidants. Bacteriocins, if produced, regulate pathogen numbers in the GIT and keep pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reactions in balance.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of intra-amnion administration of different doses of ascorbic acid (AA) on hatchability, growth performance, blood metabolites, jejunal morphology, and tibia breaking strength in 36h post hatch fasted broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight Ross-308 fertile eggs at the 15thday of incubation were divided into four treatment groups, each containing four replicates of 18 eggs. The treatments included non-injected (control), injected into the amnion with 0.7 mL diluent (distilled water; sham treatment), and injected with 0.7 mL diluent containing 3 or 6 mg AA. The neonatal chicks were deprived of feed and water for 36 h. Hatched chicks were raised till 10 d of age. Hatch percentage was increased due to in ovo injection of 6 mg/egg AA.In ovo injection of different levels of AA had no significant effect on body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. In ovo injection of AA, especially at the 6 mg level, significantly increased villus height, villus width, and villus height: crypt depth ratio at 3 d of age. Tibia resistance and breaking strength were improved by in ovo injection of 6 mg AA when compared to the control at 10 d of age. In conclusion, it seems in ovo injection of 6 mg AA/egg on 15th d of incubation could have a positive impact on hatchability, intestinal morphology, and bone characteristics in broiler chickens.

Six isonitrogenous (320 g kg−1) and isolipidic (60 g kg−1) diets were formulated with graded levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 g kg−1) of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and fungal phytase (750 and 1500 FTU kg−1 diet). Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), 9.6 g, were fed the diets for 12 weeks. Each experimental diet was fed to eight replicates of fish to apparent satiation. At the end of the trial, fish fed the diets containing 15 g kg−1 DCP, 750 and 1500 FTU kg−1 phytase had higher growth performances, protein efficiency ratio and phosphorus retention than those fed the control diet, 5 g kg−1 DCP and 10 g kg−1 DCP diets (P < 0.05). Whole body ash and phosphorus concentration of fish fed the 10 g kg−1 DCP and 15 g kg−1 DCP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. Higher apparent digestibility coefficient of phosphorus was observed in fish fed the phytase supplemented diets. The present results indicate that supplementation of phytase at 750 FTU kg−1 and 1500 FTU kg−1 improves growth performances, feed and phosphorus utilization. The supplementation can completely replace dicalcium phosphate or other phosphorus sources in tra catfish feed and reduce the phosphorus discharge into environment.

Dietary Vitamin C and Folic Acid Supplementation Ameliorates the Detrimental Effects of Heat Stress in Japanese Quail