Effect of Soaking Time Using Petroleum Ether on the Feather Morphology of Native Chicken

Due to the rising need for energy saving, high-performing automotive heat exchangers, demand has significantly grown in recent years. As a result, effective fin-tube heat exchangers are becoming more popular. These tubes are typically made by rolling flat strips of AA3003 aluminum alloys that have either one or both sides coated with AA4xxx alloys. The AA3003 type of alloy is typically used as the core, which is then covered in either AA4045 or AA4343, which melts during the brazing process to adhere the fins to the tubes. To maintain the optimal size and distribution of manganese (Mn)-containing precipitates, preheating parameters are carefully controlled. Then, longer soaking times or higher soaking temperatures result in larger precipitates, which cause the final product to exhibit poor mechanical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the different manufacturing steps, such as homogenization, soaking time, and brazing in order to achieve a high quality product. Studies on the impact of homogenization temperature and time on the microstructure of AA3xxx aluminum alloys have been conducted. However, there has been little research on the impact of soaking (reheating) time on AA3003 cladded alloys. Hence, the effects of isothermal soaking time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA3003 cladded with AA4045 alloy were investigated in this work. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the microstructure and identify intermetallic phases. The final microstructure in terms of grain structure at various homogenization times was characterized by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). After the hot-rolling and cold-rolling of the as-received material, large particles of intermetallic (mainly in the form of Chinese script morphology consisting of Fe-Mn-Si) were broken into smaller particles with an increased Fe, Mn, and Si content, indicating the formation of an α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si phase. The α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si was found to be a dominant dispersoid precipitate in the modified AA3003 core. Coarsening of the Al(Mn,Fe)Si dispersoids at 505 °C was only observed at a 45 h homogenization time. The hardness trend with homogenization time was found to be similar to that after homogenization, cold working, and annealing, with exception of an increase in hardness in the latter possibly due to strain hardening (from cold-rolling).

Lemon is a fruit that is rich in vitamin C. The processing of lemon as an infused water is one way to get optimal benefits from lemon. Lemon infused water is treated by soaking it in water for several hours. The temperature and soaking time are thought to influence the physical and chemical characteristics of lemon infused water. This study aims to determine the level of turbidity, vitamin C and antioxidant activity of lemon infused water. This study used a completely randomized design of two factors, with two differences in temperature (refrigerator temperature and room temperature) and five differences in soaking time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours) and then analyzed turbidity levels, vitamin C levels and antioxidant activity. Observation data were analyzed using Two Way Anova. The results showed turbidity, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity at room temperature were higher than the refrigerator temperature and the longer soaking the turbidity level, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity were also as high as possible. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were effects of temperature and soaking time on the level of turbidity and vitamin C of lemon infused water but there was no effect of soaking time on antioxidant activity. Soaking time at room temperature for 1 hour or at refrigerator temperature for 4 hours is the best time to get optimum vitamin C and antioxidant activity.

In this study, the effects of the simulated isothermal soaking time on the mechanical properties of AA3003mod cladded with AA-4045 alloy (9031-H24 tube stock) used for automotive heat exchangers were investigated. The high-strength 4045/3003mod clad sheets were fabricated by the roll bonding process and further cold-rolled down to the thickness of 0.3 mm. Intermediate annealing (IA) was conducted during cold rolling at 270~350°C. The tensile test was performed with the clad sheets before and after brazing heat treatment. The fractographs of tensile-test specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of soaking time on the mechanical properties of the cold rolled and annealed (CRA), and brazed alloy are presented. Amongst all the samples soaked at different times, cold-rolled and annealed (CRA) specimens showed a higher yield strength of 167MPa and UTS of 276 MPa than the brazed specimens. Post brazing UTS remained in the range of 90 to 152 MPa. The tensile and yield strength of samples preheat treated at 505°C for longer residence times of 40 hrs, then cold rolled and annealed was found to be on the lower end of the 9031-H24 specification. The fracture morphology of the CRA specimen was dominantly dimple fracture, typical of ductile fracture.

Increase of soaking time contributed to the effectiveness of case depth formation, hardness properties and carbon content of carburized steel. This paper investigates the effect of different soaking time (7-9 hours) using powder and paste compound to the carburized steel. Low carbon steels were carburized using powder and paste compound for 7, 8 and 9 hours at temperature 1000°C. The transformation of microstructure and formation carbon rich layer was observed under microscope. The microhardness profiles were analyzed to investigate the length of case depth produced after the carburizing process. The increment of carbon content was considered to find the correlation between types of carburizing compound with time. Results shows that the longer carburized steel was soaked, the higher potential in formation of carbon rich layer, case depth and carbon content, which led to better hardness properties for carburized low carbon steel. Longer soaking time, 9 hours has a higher dispersion of carbon up to 41%-51% compare to 8 hours and 7 hours. By using paste carburizing, it has more potential of carbon atom to merge the microstructure to transform into cementite (1.53 wt% C) compare to powder (0.97 wt% C), which increases the hardness of carburized steel (13% higher).

The effect of heating rate and soaking time on microstructure of an advanced high strength steel

When mining deep coal seams, the overlying mined-out area must be pumped and drained, and the remnant coal in the mining void area is vulnerable to spontaneous combustion via water immersion and air drying. To investigate the effect of soaking time on the spontaneous combustion characteristics of lignite, low-temperature N2 adsorption experiments and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments were used in this study to investigate the changes in pore structure and functional group content of coal samples by increasing the soaking time. Based on programmed warming experiments, macroscopic characteristic indicators of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) oxidizability, such as the oxygen consumption rate and index gas, were derived. Results showed that the effect of soaking caused the total pore volume and specific surface area of lignite to increase to different degrees, which enhanced the adsorption capacity of coal to oxygen and improved the effective contact of oxygen with the active sites on the coal surface. However, there was no consistency in the effect of different soaking times on the content of reactive functional groups of the coal, with higher methyl and methine contents after 60 days of soaking (S60) and 120 days of soaking (S120) than in the raw coal (RC), and less in 90 days of soaking (S90). The propensity of coal to spontaneously combust is determined by both the pore structure and reactive functional groups, which shows the propensity of spontaneous combustion S60>S120>RC>S90. Results from this study are important in understanding the mechanism of CSC of water-soaked lignite in mined-out areas and can provide theoretical guidance to prevent CSC in mining areas.

The paper presents the results of investigation on the effect of soaking time on the yield strength, ductility and hardness properties of annealed cold-drawn low carbon steel. The low carbon steel cold-drawn at 40% deformation was annealed at 900 deg Celsius for soaking times of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Tensile, charpy and Brinnel hardness tests were conducted to determine the yield strengths, tensile strengths, impact strengths, ductility and hardness of the annealed steel with increasing soaking time. The yield strength, tensile strength, hardness and impact strength of the steel showed a continuous drop in value with increasing soaking time up to 60 minutes with a steep drop between 30 and 40 minutes. Ductility values followed the same decreasing trend up to 40 minutes soaking time after which the values started increasing again till 60 minutes soaking time. There was a linear relationship between the tensile strength and hardness of the material for different soaking times. This linear relationship was also observed for yield strength and hardness of the material.

Formation of crystal structures in glass ceramic is influenced by the heat treatment of parent glass. Most of research often studied on the important of sintering temperature and its soaking time. In this study, the effect of soaking time (3, 4 and 5 hours) during melting process (1550 °C) on crystal structures of Lithium Aluminosilicate (LAS) glass ceramic was conducted. All samples were then sintered at 900 °C for 30 minutes. The amorphous phase was identified prior to sintering process and transformed into crystalline phase for all samples after sintering process in XRD analysis. Major crystalline phase of high quartz solid solution and β-spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) were observed and higher intensity peak is found as the soaking time is longer. The microstructure of the sintered samples was observed under SEM and the particles were displayed an evidently growth of the grain as function to the soaking time. The functional groups of Si-O-Si and Si-O(Si, Al) bonding were appeared in fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis corresponding to the silicates and aluminosilicate bonding. The results achieved present 5 hours soaking time during melting process was the optimum soaking time for melting LAS glass at 1550 °C.

The effects of soaking time on the grain growth, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of BaTi0.95Zr0.05O3 ceramics prepared by microwave sintering

Trammel nets are used with extended soaking times to increase the catching efficiency for demersal fish in commercial fishing. Long soaking time causes deterioration or damage to species caught in the first days. Effects of soaking time were investigated with 36‐mm, 42‐mm, and 46‐mm mesh sizes soaked over 1, 3, 5, and 7 days on target, non‐target, and other species. Only 26.3% (293 individual fish) of 1113 individual fish were not damaged of the target species. Total weight of non‐damaged individuals was 247.6 kg, of which 150.6 kg (60.8%) was the target species. Critically endangered and endangered Chondrichthyes species were negatively affected by soaking time and mesh size. Current and previous regulations did not restrict soaking time or mesh size of trammel‐net fisheries in Türkiye. Extended soaking times of trammel nets may cause more negative ecosystem effects than ghost fishing. Consequently, 42‐mm mesh‐size trammel nets soaked for 1 day should be used by fishers. If used for more than 1 day, 42‐mm or 46‐mm mesh sizes should be used.

In recent years, focuse has moved to multiphase calcium orthophosphate scaffolds to balance the more stable calcium orthophosphate phase with another more soluble phase. This will enable the researchers to tailor the major biomedical properties to suit its intended application. In this study, beta tricalcium phosphate (-TCP)/carbonate apatite (CO 3 Ap) scaffolds were fabricated via freeze drying method. The effect of soaking time (2 h, 4 h and 6 h) on the phase transformation of to alpha () phase was investigated. The scaffolds were sintered at 1300C for respective soaking time and quenched in air to obtain biphasic -TCP/-TCP scaffolds. To obtain biphasic -TCP/CO 3 Ap scaffold, the obtained scaffolds were then subjected to hydrothermal treatment in 1 M of sodium bicarbonate at 200C for 5 days for phase transformation of -TCP phase into CO 3 Ap phase via dissolution-precipitation process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis before hydrothermal treatment confirms the existence of biphasic and phase at all soaking time. The percentage of phase increases as soaking time increases. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirms the present of carbonate ions substitution into the scaffold after hydrothermal treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that as soaking time increases, the unstable phase of -TCP increases in the biphasic -TCP/ -TCP scaffolds. Thus, the phase transformation from -TCP phase to CO 3 Ap phase increases as soaking time increases.

The study presents the results of the examination on the effect of soaking time on the Microstructure, Grain shape and hardness properties of annealed EN-47 Spring Steel. The EN-47 Spring Steel samples were heated at 860 °C for soaking times of 60, 120, 240, 480 minutes. Optical Microscopy and Rockwell Hardness were carried out to determine the morphology, grain shape and hardness of the material with increasing soaking time. EN-47 Spring Steel samples showed up a decreased value in hardness with the extent of soaking time. Pearlite colonies expand with the increase in soaking time. The linear relationship between the soaking time and other factors were also observed. Keywords: EN-47, Annealing, Microstructure, Rockwell Hardness.

Effect of Different Soaking Time and Boiling on the Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Sprouted Sesame Seed Flour

Early phase osseointegration is crucial for orthopedic implants. For the improvement of osseointegrative properties of orthopedic implants several surface modification methods such as acid etching, hydroxyapatite (HA) coating and sandblasting can be applied. In this article titanium implants were anodized to possess nanotubular titania structures on the surface. Titania nanotube structures with a 45-50 nm of average inner diameter were obtained and to enhance bioactivity, samples were soaked in 10X simulated body fluid (SBF) for apatite deposition on surface for different time periods (1, 2, 3, 5, 8 hours). Apatitic calcium phosphate deposited surfaces were analyzed with infrared spectrometry and wettability studies. Effect of soaking time on osteoblast cell was investigated by cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity tests and morphological evaluations. As a result, 3 hours of soaking time was found as the optimum time period (p < 0.005). This in vitro study indicated that soaking in 10X SBF can be a rapid and economical technique to enhance osseointegration of anodized titanium implants however excess and/or uncontrolled HA coating of titania layer limits the bioactive potential of the implant.

Porang is one of the tubers that grow easily in the plains of Indonesia, one of which is in the Madiun city area, East Java. Porang tubers can be used in various sectors, namely in food processing. Porang tubers are used as the basic material for making food, such as flour. However, porang tubers contain high levels of calcium oxalate. It can cause itchy tongue and throat. This study aimed to determine the effect of temperature and soaking time of porang tubers in 5% acetic acid solution. Soaking the porang tuber sample at 60°C had the greatest decrease percentage in calcium oxalate, which was 53.91%. Soaking the porang tubers for 60 minutes also gave the largest reduction percentage in calcium oxalate, namely 42.54%.