Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of skin pigmentation regarding Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) tissue oxygen saturation values (StO2). The study examined NIRS values in individuals with varying skin pigmentation on the anterior compartment of the lower leg and volar forearm to determine if correlation exists among three NIRS devices, the EQUANOX, Casmed, and INVOS. Skin pigmentation was measured on the anterior lower leg (AL) and volar forearm (VF) of participants using a noninvasive colorimeter that employed reflective spectroscopy to produce a quantitative value for erythema (skin “redness”) and melanin (skin pigment). Muscle oxygenation was measured using three oximetry devices with sensors placed in the same areas. The EQUANOX device showed no significant correlation with skin pigmentation, while the Casmed and INVOS devices showed moderate and significant correlation with skin pigmentation, respectively. Different devices have different abilities to remove confounding variables, such as skin pigmentation and erythema, which may affect clinical decision-making, and affect the use of NIRS technology.
Highlights
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a useful technology that allows for noninvasive measurement of percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin as well as local blood flow and oxygen consumption [1] [2]
Devices used in medicine typically consist of a sensor pad, containing both the light source and optode, connected by wire to a nearby computer
Oximetry monitoring could be utilized to detect patients who are deteriorating rapidly. Such states could include systemic shock, neurologic problems, or the development of a compartment syndrome. In each of these examples, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) provides the clinician a means to monitor the patient in a continuous, noninvasive manner that has the value of being in real time
Summary
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a useful technology that allows for noninvasive measurement of percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin as well as local blood flow and oxygen consumption [1] [2]. This theory correlates absorbance to the extinction coefficient, path length, and concentration of light absorbers in the sample. Devices used in medicine typically consist of a sensor pad, containing both the light source and optode, connected by wire to a nearby computer. The sensor pad is typically coated with an adhesive and may be placed superficially on the skin. Devices utilize two or more wavelengths of light with sensors in the pad to detect the absorption of each. Melanin has been shown to impair light penetration and reported rSO2 values [3]-[5]
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