Abstract
Water-in-oil, high internal phase emulsion made of super-cooled aqueous solution containing a mixture of inorganic salts and stabilized with non-ionic surfactant (sorbitan monooleate) alone was investigated. It was not possible to produce a highly concentrated emulsion (with aqueous phase fraction = 94 wt %), stabilized with surface-treated silica, solely: we were able to form an emulsion with a maximal aqueous phase mass fraction of 85 wt % (emulsion inverts/breaks above this concentration). The inversion point is dependent on the silica particle concentration, presence of salt in the aqueous phase, and does not depend on the pH of the dispersed phase. All emulsions stabilized by the nanoparticles solely were unstable to shear. So, the rheological properties and stability of the emulsions containing super-cooled dispersed phase, with regards to crystallization, were determined for an emulsion stabilized by non-ionic surfactant only. The results were compared to the properties obtained for emulsions stabilized by surface treated (relatively hydrophobic) silica nanoparticles as a co-surfactant to sorbitan monooleate. The influence of the particle concentration, type of silica surface treatment, particle/surfactant ratio on emulsification and emulsion rheological properties was studied. The presence of the particles as a co-stabilizer increases the stability of all emulsions. Also, it was found that the particle/surfactant ratio is important since the most stable emulsions are those where particles dominate over the surfactant, when the surfactant’s role is to create bridging flocculation of the particles. The combination of the two types of hydrophobic silica particles as co-surfactants is: one that resides at the water/oil interface and provides a steric boundary and another that remains in the oil phase creating a 3D-network throughout the oil phase, which is even more beneficiary in terms of the emulsion stability.
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