Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silane-containing universal adhesives on the bonding strength of lithium disilicate. Two-hundred-and-forty lithium disilicate blocks were divided into 16 groups according to the following surface treatments: hydrofluoric acid (HF)-treated or not, silane-treated or not, and the type of universal adhesive used (All-Bond Universal (ABU); Prime & bond (PB); Clearfil Universal Bond (CU); Single bond Universal (SBU)). After surface treatment, resin discs were bonded to each lithium disilicate using dual-cure resin cement. Bonded specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h and then subjected to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test. Failure modes were examined under stereomicroscope. Microscopic observation of bonded interfaces was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The μTBS data were statistically analyzed. Regardless of silane treatment, all groups treated with HF showed higher bonding strengths compared to those that were not treated with HF (p < 0.05). In groups treated with HF, the bonding strength increased after silane application (p < 0.05) except PB and CU (p > 0.05). Adhesive failures were dominant in all groups, but some mixed failures were observed in ABU treated with HF and silane. While most of the specimens that were not treated with silane after HF application only showed loose bonding between the ceramic and resin cement due to partial gaps, the specimens treated with silane application after HF showed a tight ceramic–resin interface. In conclusion, the silane in universal adhesives did not effectively improve the bonding strength between lithium disilicate and resin cement.
Highlights
Glass ceramics are drawing attention as modern dental restoration materials because their coefficient of thermal expansion is similar to that of natural teeth, and they exhibit excellent aesthetic properties, high bending strength, biocompatibility, and low thermal conductivity [1,2,3]
Lithium disilicate is a type of monolithic ceramic that has excellent aesthetic properties and superior fracture resistance compared to those of conventional feldspathic porcelains or leucite-reinforced glass ceramics [5]
The irregularities on a ceramic surface created by hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching are reported to be affected by the concentration, application time, temperature, and dilution level of HF [6]
Summary
Glass ceramics are drawing attention as modern dental restoration materials because their coefficient of thermal expansion is similar to that of natural teeth, and they exhibit excellent aesthetic properties, high bending strength, biocompatibility, and low thermal conductivity [1,2,3]. With the introduction and development of computeraided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), glass ceramic restorations, such as veneers, inlays, onlays, and crowns, have become more frequent and uniform manufacturing is becoming possible [4]. Lithium disilicate is a type of monolithic ceramic that has excellent aesthetic properties and superior fracture resistance compared to those of conventional feldspathic porcelains or leucite-reinforced glass ceramics [5]. Excellent materials and a bonding process are necessary for a successful ceramic restoration. The irregularities on a ceramic surface created by HF etching are reported to be affected by the concentration, application time, temperature, and dilution level of HF [6]
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