Effect of self-doped heteroatoms on the performance of biomass-derived carbon for supercapacitor applications

Recent Advances in Biomass-Based Monolithic Carbon Materials: Preparation and Energy, Environment Applications

Controllable heteroatoms doped electrodes engineered by biomass based carbon for advanced supercapacitors: A review

Biomass-derived flexible porous carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitor and gas adsorption

Comparison of the heteroatoms-doped biomass-derived carbon prepared by one-step nitrogen-containing activator for high performance supercapacitor

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have significant potential for applications in portable electric vehicles and intermittent renewable energy storage due to their relatively low cost. Currently, hard carbon (HC) materials are considered commercially viable anode materials for SIBs due to their advantages, including larger capacity, low cost, low operating voltage, and inimitable microstructure. Among these materials, renewable biomass-derived hard carbon anodes are commonly used in SIBs. However, the reports about biomass hard carbon from basic research to industrial applications are very rare. In this paper, we focus on the research progress of biomass-derived hard carbon materials from the following perspectives: (1) sodium storage mechanisms in hard carbon; (2) optimization strategies for hard carbon materials encompassing design, synthesis, heteroatom doping, material compounding, electrolyte modulation, and presodiation; (3) classification of different biomass-derived hard carbon materials based on precursor source, a comparison of their properties, and a discussion on the effects of different biomass sources on hard carbon material properties; (4) challenges and strategies for practical of biomass-derived hard carbon anode in SIBs; and (5) an overview of the current industrialization of biomass-derived hard carbon anodes. Finally, we present the challenges, strategies, and prospects for the future development of biomass-derived hard carbon materials.

Modern research has made the search for high-performance, sustainable, and efficient energy storage technologies a main focus, especially in light of the growing environmental and energy-demanding issues. This review paper focuses on the pivotal role of biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials in the development of high-performance metal-ion hybrid supercapacitors (MIHSCs), specifically targeting sodium (Na)-, potassium (K)-, aluminium (Al)-, and zinc (Zn)-ion-based systems. Due to their widespread availability, renewable nature, and exceptional physicochemical properties, BDC materials are ideal for supercapacitor electrodes, which perfectly balance environmental sustainability and technological advancement. This paper delves into the synthesis, functionalization, and structural engineering of advanced biomass-based carbon materials, highlighting the strategies to enhance their electrochemical performance. It elaborates on the unique characteristics of these carbons, such as high specific surface area, tuneable porosity, and heteroatom doping, which are pivotal in achieving superior capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability in Na-, K-, Al-, and Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors. Furthermore, the compatibility of BDCs with metal-ion electrolytes and their role in facilitating ion transport and charge storage mechanisms are critically analysed. Novelty arises from a comprehensive comparison of these carbon materials across metal-ion systems, unveiling the synergistic effects of BDCs’ structural attributes on the performance of each supercapacitor type. This review also casts light on the current challenges, such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and performance consistency, offering insightful perspectives for future research. This review underscores the transformative potential of BDC materials in MIHSCs and paves the way for next-generation energy storage technologies that are both high-performing and ecologically friendly. It calls for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to explore these sustainable materials, thereby contributing to advancing green energy technologies.

The conversion of biomass to carbonaceous materials have received wide attention these years. In particular, biomass-derived carbons demonstrate great potential as electrodes for different energy storage system due to their various architectures, low cost, and renewability. This review provided the recent progress in the synthesis and application of biomass-derived carbons and their hybrids as electrodes for energy storage. Various carbon structures including spheres, 1D fiber/tube, 2D sheets, 3D hierarchical porous carbon have been acquired from various biomass through different activation methods. Owing to their devise composition and morphology, the biomass-derived carbon materials are employed as electrodes for supercapacitors, metal-ion batteries and Li-S batteries. Finally, conclusions and outlook trends to the future development of biomass-derived carbons are proposed.

Currently, carbon materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, porous carbon, have been successfully applied in energy storage area by taking advantage of their structural and functional diversity. However, the development of advanced science and technology has spurred demands for green and sustainable energy storage materials. Biomass-derived carbon, as a type of electrode materials, has attracted much attention because of its structural diversities, adjustable physical/chemical properties, environmental friendliness and considerable economic value. Because the nature contributes the biomass with bizarre microstructures, the biomass-derived carbon materials also show naturally structural diversities, such as 0D spherical, 1D fibrous, 2D lamellar and 3D spatial structures. In this review, the structure design of biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage is presented. The effects of structural diversity, porosity and surface heteroatom doping of biomass-derived carbon materials in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries are discussed in detail. In addition, the new trends and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials have also been proposed for further rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage.

Recent advances and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors: A review

Three birds with one stone approach to superior N/S co-doped microporous carbon for gas storage and water purification

Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of energy storage due to their high specific capacitance, stable cycle efficiency, and efficient charging and discharging capabilities. The selection of electrode materials can affect the overall performance of supercapacitors. Biomass, as a new type of raw material, is widely used as a precursor for carbon in supercapacitors due to its abundant sources, unique physical structure, and low manufacturing costs. This not only increases the utilization value of biomass, but also reduces the use of non renewable resources. However, biomass derived carbon materials themselves have limited specific surface area, irregular and underdeveloped pore structure, and relatively fragile spatial structure. Nitrogen doping is a common modification method for biomass carbon materials. This article takes various biomass derived carbon materials as research objects, using potassium hydroxide as an activator and nitrogen atom doping method for modification, to prepare supercapacitor electrode materials with unique physical morphology and excellent electrochemical performance.

The increasing demand for high-performance energy storage technologies poses significant challenges to conventional materials, particularly regarding the need for enhanced energy and power output in symmetric supercapacitors. This review explores the potential of biomass-derived porous carbon as a solution, emphasizing the role of heteroatom doping in combating these challenges. By introducing various heteroatoms - including oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and boron (B) - into the carbon matrix, recent research has demonstrated significant improvements in material wettability, pore structure optimization, and overall electrochemical performance. Specifically, strategies utilizing dual and multi-heteroatom doping, such as N/O, P/O, S/O, N/S, N/O/S, N/O/P, N/P/S, N/P/B, O/P/S, and N/O/P/S, have been shown to generate synergistic effects that markedly enhance energy storage capacity and electrical conductivity compared to traditional single-atom doping schemes. The review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the energy storage capacity, cycling stability, and energy/power output associated with heteroatom-doped activated carbons. Key insights reveal that achieving a uniform pore distribution, along with the establishment of hierarchical connections between 2D and 3D nanostructures, is vital for optimizing electrochemical performance. Importantly, the incorporation of heteroatoms not only augments electrical conductivity but also facilitates more efficient electrochemical reactions - essential elements for the development of high-performance supercapacitors. The integration of 3D nano-hierarchical pores and multi-doping heteroatoms delivers outstanding supercapacitor performance, with a capacitance of 401 F/g and an impressive energy output of 76 W/kg in a symmetric 2-electrode configuration. This performance firmly positions it as a competitive alternative to commercial batteries. In conclusion, this review highlights the innovative structural modifications and doping strategies employed in biomass-derived carbon materials, including synthesis processes crucial for generating unique 2D and 3D architectures. By detailing these methods and their contributions to improving the energy density of mixed electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors, this review underscores the competitive potential of these biomass-derived materials when compared with traditional energy storage devices such as batteries. Future research directions could focus on optimizing these methodologies further and exploring commercial viability in large-scale applications. HIGHLIGHTS Varied heteroatom dopants extracted from biomass in porous carbon chains are discussed. Strategic approaches in preparing single-/dual-/trial-/multi-doped heteroatoms in biomass derived carbon structures are reviewed. Recent study progress related to the contribution of single-/dual-/trial-/multi-doped heteroatoms in nano-hierarchical porous carbons is reviewed. Potential controlled behavior of biomass derived heteroatoms is demonstrated. Challenges and perspectives of biomass derived nano-hierarchical porous carbon heteroatoms are proposed. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The shift toward sustainable energy systems necessitates the expansion of efficient and eco-friendly carbon materials for energy storage and conversion. Biomass-derived carbon materials have attracted considerable interest owing to their sustainability, adjustable physicochemical properties, and economic feasibility. Derived from agricultural waste, lignocellulosic biomass, and other organic sources, these materials exhibit unique structural and chemical characteristics, such as a high surface area, heteroatom doping, and tunable porosity, that enhance their electrochemical performance. This chapter explores the role of biomass-derived carbon materials in energy storage technologies, with a particular focus on their applications in batteries and supercapacitors. A range of synthesis methods, including carbonization, activation, and functionalization, is discussed to illustrate how electrochemical properties can be optimized for improved performance. Additionally, the electrochemical efficiency and durability of these carbon materials are evaluated in comparison to conventional high-cost alternatives. Biomass-derived carbon materials contribute to a reduced carbon footprint, promote resource circularity, and facilitate the valorization of waste. Their scalability and commercialization potential are examined by considering factors such as raw material availability, processing challenges, and long-term stability. Biomass-derived carbon materials present a promising pathway toward more sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions by integrating green chemistry principles with advanced materials engineering.

Currently, asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) produced from supercapacitors (SCs) offer more benefits for energy-storage applications because they display a high operational voltage in aqueous-based electrolytes that may enhance grid storage and zero-power transportation with high energy density in the future. At the same time, the realization of low-cost energy devices through the construction of cheap electrode materials deserves a permanent place in the market once the goals of high energy, extra power, and long cycling stability are achieved. Biomass-derived carbon retrieved from sources such as plants has attracted considerable attention because of the rich abundance, low cost, and environmentally friendliness. In addition, the utilization of porous hierarchical structures has achieved enhanced electrochemical performance with excellent capacitance, outstanding stability, and praiseworthy rate capability. However, issues still persist in procedures used to obtain biomass-derived carbon materials with a high yield and a high degree of carbonization/graphitization, surface functionality, and porous characteristics, wherein the materials are used as electrodes in ASC devices. The present review briefly addresses the need for biomass-derived carbon materials in ASCs, comprehensively categorizes SCs in the context of their historical background, and elucidates the SC mechanism. In addition, influencing factors, such as the pore size distribution, role of surface functional groups, surface area, active-material loading, heteroatom doping, and activation techniques used in the preparation of biomass-derived carbon, have been discussed in detail. Moreover, this review assesses other nanostructured carbon electrodes used in ASCs and advances made in the fabrication of ASCs by using biomass-derived carbon in aqueous electrolytes. Finally, existing challenges and mandatory solutions toward developing cost-effective and high-performance ASCs by using environmentally friendly biomass-derived carbon materials are discussed in detail.

Host–guest inclusion complexes derived heteroatom-doped porous carbon materials