Effect of Running Speed on Gait Variability in Individuals with Functional Ankle Instability

BackgroundStudying the dynamics of nonlinear systems under dual-task conditions in people with functional ankle instability (FAI) can provide additional information about the variability of the structure of the system. However, how the cognitive load affects the stride-to-stride variability in the lower extremities throughout walking in those with and without FAI using nonlinear evaluation tools is unknown.MethodsEighteen volunteers with FAI and 19 healthy individuals were recruited for this study. The participants walked on a motor-driven treadmill at their preferred speed, with or without completing a cognitive task involving an auditory Stroop test. A passive retroreflective marker motion-capture system recorded the lower extremity gait kinematics in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. The largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) characterizes the variability of the temporal structure in walking patterns. Cognitive task performance was analyzed using error ratio and average reaction time in walking and sitting conditions.ResultsDuring walking with cognitive load, the group with FAI exhibited lower values for the LyE in knee kinematics in the sagittal plane than the normal walking (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-0.92, P < .001). During normal walking (single task), participants with FAI demonstrated higher knee flexion-extension LyE (95% CI: 0.52-0.93, P = .04) than healthy people. The 2 groups had no significant differences regarding the LyE values for other kinematic variables (P > .05). Regarding cognitive performance, both FAI and healthy groups had remarkably longer reaction times (P < .001) while walking (mean ± SD: 0.92 ± 0.06) compared with the sitting condition (mean ± SD: 0.77 ± 0.03).ConclusionThe reduced variability observed in the walking patterns of individuals with FAI during walking with an added cognitive load suggests a compensatory mechanism due to sensorimotor constraints, highlighting the altered motor control strategies. Dual task and cognitive training may help correct these patterns and improve responses.Levels of Evidence:Level II.

HINDFOOT AND FOREFOOT KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT FUNCTIONAL ANKLE INSTABILITY By Cynthia J. Wright, M.Ed. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011. Major Director: Dr. Brent L. Arnold, Associate Professor, Department of Health and Human Performance Introduction: Following lateral ankle sprain, many individuals experience recurrent injury and symptoms of giving-way, known as Functional Ankle Instability (FAI). It has been proposed that altered joint kinematics during activity may contribute to instability in these individuals, however research findings have been inconsistent. Objective: To capture foot and ankle kinematic data during two common tasks (walking gait and jump landing) among three groups: individuals with FAI, healthy controls and copers. Design: 3-group observational cross-sectional study. Participants: Participants included 23 individuals with a history of ≥ 1 ankle sprain and at least 2 episodes of giving-way in the past year (FAI: M±SD; age=23.30±3.84years; height=1.71±0.11m, weight=68.66±14.60kg; Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool [CAIT]=20.52±2.94, episodes of giving-way=5.81±8.42 per month), 23 subjects with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (Controls: age=23.17±4.01years, height=1.72±0.08m, weight=68.78± 13.26kg, CAIT: 28.78±1.78), and 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (Copers: age=23.52±3.68years, height=1.72±0.07m, weight=69.57±13.94kg; CAIT: 27.74 ± 1.69). Interventions: Ten trials of natural walking gait and 10 single leg drop jumps were recorded using a ViconMX motion monitoring system (OMG, Oxford, UK) and two imbedded force plates (Bertec, Columbus, Ohio, USA). Main Outcome Measures: Forefoot and hindfoot sagittal and frontal plane angles were calculated at initial contact (IC) and toe-off (TO) of walking gait, and IC and maximal vertical ground reaction force of jump landing. Results: At walking IC, there was a significant group difference in forefoot inversion (F2,66=4.68, p=0.013). Post hoc testing revealed that individuals with FAI were significantly more inverted than controls, but copers were not significantly different from the FAI or control groups. At jump landing IC, there were significant group differences in hindfoot motion (F2,66=6.12, p=0.004). Specifically, individuals with FAI were significantly more dorsiflexed than the control or coper groups. There were no other significant group differences (all p>0.05). Conclusions: Kinematic differences exist between healthy controls, copers and individuals with FAI. Copers and individuals with FAI have both experienced ankle sprain injury, yet copers do not experience subsequent instability. Analysis of coper movement patterns compared to control and FAI groups may provide insight into coping mechanisms.

Plyometric exercise has been recommended to prevent lower limb injury, but its feasibility in and effects on those with functional ankle instability (FAI) are unclear. To investigate the effect of integrated plyometric and balance training in participants with FAI during a single-legged drop landing and single-legged standing position. Randomized controlled clinical trial. University motion-analysis laboratory. Thirty athletes with FAI were divided into 3 groups: plyometric group (8 men, 2 women, age = 23.20 ± 2.82 years; 10 unstable ankles), plyometric-balance (integrated)-training group (8 men, 2 women, age = 23.80 ± 4.13 years; 10 unstable ankles), and control group (7 men, 3 women, age = 23.50 ± 3.00 years; 10 unstable ankles). A 6-week plyometric-training program versus a 6-week integrated-training program. Postural sway during single-legged standing with eyes open and closed was measured before and after training. Kinematic data were recorded during medial and lateral single-legged drop landings after a 5-second single-legged stance. Reduced postural sway in the medial-lateral direction and reduced sway area occurred in the plyometric- and integrated-training groups. Generally, the plyometric training and integrated training increased the maximum angles at the hip and knee in the sagittal plane, reduced the maximum angles at the hip and ankle in the frontal and transverse planes in the lateral drop landing, and reduced the time to stabilization for knee flexion in the medial drop landing. After 6 weeks of plyometric training or integrated training, individuals with FAI used a softer landing strategy during drop landings and decreased their postural sway during the single-legged stance. Plyometric training improved static and dynamic postural control and should be incorporated into rehabilitation programs for those with FAI.

Relationship between Functional Ankle Instability and Landing Pattern. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 00, No. 0, pp. 00-00, 2010. Functional ankle instability(FAI) usually appears after ankle sprain. But differences in landing patterns between stable ankle(SA) and FAI have not been determined. The purpose of this study was to compare differences in landing patterns with subject who has FAI and SA during drop landing. Through this study, we came to the conclusion that FAI affects on the movements of lower extremities and ground reaction force during drop landing from following results. First, when compared with SA, FAI group showed decreased maximal knee flexion(MKF) in sagittal plane of ankle, and increased inversion at initial contact(IC) and decreased inversion at MKF in frontal plane of the ankle. Second, FAI group showed decreased flexion at MKF and increased valgus at IC in frontal plane of the knee. Third, subjects with FAI showed increased flexion at IC in sagittal plane, decreased abduction at IC and increased adduction at MKF in hip. FAI group appeared to have higher GRF in all directions except posterior and lateral side of the ankle. Finally, FAI group showed higher medial-lateral excusion in COP. However, FAI group appeared to have lower power absorption in the ankle and the knee. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate treatment paradigms for ankle sprain before FAI develops.

Purpose:Functional ankle instability is one of the most common residual and debilitating symptoms of acute ankle sprain which usually makes the athlete to be out of training program for a while. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks core stability training on some lower extremity kinematics variables in athletes with functional ankle instability during a single-leg drop landing taskMethod:In this semi-experimental research, study population included 24 athletes with functional ankle which were divided into two experimental (n=12), and control (n=12) groups. To assess the drop-landing task with functional instability foot,240 Hz frequency motion analysis system was used. The recorded movements were analyzed by Nexus 2.6 version. The hip, knee, and ankle angles were extracted on the sagittal plane, and finally, repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni posthoc were used to compare two groups (p≤0.05).Result:There was no significant difference in the angle of the ankle after four weeks training (p≥0.05). However, in the angle of the hip and knee were found a significant difference from pretest to post-test (p≤0.05)Conclusion:The results indicated that four weeks core stability training improves kinematics of landing in athletes with functional ankle instability, and it seems that these exercises can be a method of preventing re-injury of the ankle.

BackgroundAnkle sprains, the most common sports injury, often progress to functional ankle instability (FAI), characterized by recurrent instability and neuromuscular deficits. This study utilizes three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis system to quantify lower limb biomechanical alterations in FAI during gait, aiming to identify objective markers for guiding targeted rehabilitation strategies.Study designThis case–control study enrolled 31 matched subject pairs (FAI subjects vs. healthy controls) through propensity score matching based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria. Demographic data were collected, and functional assessments including the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain were administered. 3D gait analysis was performed using an infrared motion capture system (BTS SMART-D 400) to quantify biomechanical parameters characterizing FAI-related gait abnormalities.ResultsIn individuals with FAI gait quality is significantly compromised, predominantly evidenced by alterations in pelvic tilt (P < 0.05, r = − 0.67, 95% CI [− 4.75, − 1.95]), as well as deviations in hip ad-abduction (P < 0.05, r = 0.44, 95% CI [− 3.80, − 0.20]). This condition is further characterized by a marked reduction in sagittal plane flexion of the hip joint (P < 0.05, r = − 0.44, 95% CI [0.60, 8.25]) and a decrease in the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (P < 0.05, r = − 2.56, 95% CI [− 3.76, 0.50]). Additionally, there is an observed increase in the dorsiflexion angle at the forefoot (P < 0.05, r = − 11.04, 95% CI [1.36,4.94]), coupled with a decrease in the dorsiflexion angle at the hindfoot (P < 0.05, r = − 13.16, 95% CI [0.25,4.10]).ConclusionsPost-traumatic degradation of peripheral sensorimotor feedback following ankle injury induces central nervous system-mediated motor control reorganization, resulting in altered movement strategies that manifest through modified kinematic coordination patterns across the hip, knee, and ankle joints.

Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletics. Injury to lateral ankle ligaments can result in persistent instability of the ankle joint, known as functional ankle instability (FAI). Two methods of treating FAI are ankle taping and ankle bracing. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ankle taping and ankle bracing on ankle joint kinematics and kinetics during a landing task. Methods: Seven individuals with FAI and seven healthy controls performed three landing trials in each of three conditions: control, taped and braced. Ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematics were collected simultaneously while participants performed single-leg step-off landing trials from a box with a height of 0.6m. Peak ankle joint angles and moments were calculated using customized software. Results: Individuals with FAI produced significantly smaller inversion moments compared to healthy controls (p = 0.006). Ankle stabilization did not significantly alter ankle joint angles, ranges of motion or moments. Discussion: The present findings suggest that individuals with FAI exhibit unique ankle biomechanics independent of ankle stabilization modality. Future research may seek to investigate the multi-joint biomechanical adaptations associated with ankle stabilization in individuals with FAI compared to healthy controls.

1065 Gender differences in lower extremity kinematic patterns that put the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at risk have been identified during jump landing and cutting, as well as lower level activities such as walking and jogging. Recent reports have suggested that both hip and knee motions may play significant roles in these at risk movement patterns. PURPOSE: To investigate differences in hip and knee movement patterns between genders during level walking with and without the application of an expected perturbation. METHODS: Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) who were regular participants in level I or II (e.g., jumping, cutting, and pivoting sports) sports underwent motion analysis while performing self-paced walking trials. Five trials were undisturbed, and five each with a platform translating either laterally or anteriorly at heel contact. Sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane hip motions as well as sagittal and frontal plane knee motions were measured during stance. A repeated measures MANOVA was used to assess motion, excursion and excursion rates during loading response for each combination of motions (sagittal plane hip and knee motion; transverse and frontal plane hip and frontal plane knee motions). RESULTS: Excursions resulting in knee positioning that places the ACL at risk in the frontal and transverse planes were greater at the hip and knee for females than males (p<0.05) in each walking condition. The rate of these excursions was significantly faster for females than males (p<0.05) suggesting that eccentric muscle demand for these motions was higher among female subjects. There was no difference for hip and knee position at initial contact between genders, and there was no difference in the amount of sagittal plane excursion for the hip and knee between genders. CONCLUSIONS: Females demonstrate kinematic characteristics during both normal and disturbed gait that may potentially contribute to increased ACL strain. Repetition of these potentially harmful movement patterns during provocative athletic maneuvers may lead to ACL injury. Injury prevention programs that implement eccentric muscle training for hip abductors and external rotators may aide in controlling excursion and excursion rates, thus reducing the risk for ACL injury. Supported by NIH Grant R01 HD037985-03.

1065 Gender differences in lower extremity kinematic patterns that put the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at risk have been identified during jump landing and cutting, as well as lower level activities such as walking and jogging. Recent reports have suggested that both hip and knee motions may play significant roles in these at risk movement patterns. PURPOSE: To investigate differences in hip and knee movement patterns between genders during level walking with and without the application of an expected perturbation. METHODS: Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) who were regular participants in level I or II (e.g., jumping, cutting, and pivoting sports) sports underwent motion analysis while performing self-paced walking trials. Five trials were undisturbed, and five each with a platform translating either laterally or anteriorly at heel contact. Sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane hip motions as well as sagittal and frontal plane knee motions were measured during stance. A repeated measures MANOVA was used to assess motion, excursion and excursion rates during loading response for each combination of motions (sagittal plane hip and knee motion; transverse and frontal plane hip and frontal plane knee motions). RESULTS: Excursions resulting in knee positioning that places the ACL at risk in the frontal and transverse planes were greater at the hip and knee for females than males (p<0.05) in each walking condition. The rate of these excursions was significantly faster for females than males (p<0.05) suggesting that eccentric muscle demand for these motions was higher among female subjects. There was no difference for hip and knee position at initial contact between genders, and there was no difference in the amount of sagittal plane excursion for the hip and knee between genders. CONCLUSIONS: Females demonstrate kinematic characteristics during both normal and disturbed gait that may potentially contribute to increased ACL strain. Repetition of these potentially harmful movement patterns during provocative athletic maneuvers may lead to ACL injury. Injury prevention programs that implement eccentric muscle training for hip abductors and external rotators may aide in controlling excursion and excursion rates, thus reducing the risk for ACL injury. Supported by NIH Grant R01 HD037985-03.

Functional Ankle Instability (FAI) is a pervasive condition that can emerge following inadequate management of lateral ankle sprains. It is hallmarked by chronic joint instability and a subsequent deterioration in physical performance. The modulation of motor patterns through attentional focus is a well-established concept in the realm of motor learning and performance optimization. However, the precise manner in which attentional focus can rehabilitate or refine movement patterns in individuals with FAI remains to be fully elucidated. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of attentional focus strategies on the biomechanics of single-leg drop landing movements among individuals with FAI. Eighteen males with unilateral FAI were recruited. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using an infrared three-dimensional motion capture system and force plates. Participants performed single-leg drop landing tasks under no focus (baseline), internal focus (IF), and external focus (EF) conditions. Biomechanical characteristics, including joint angles, ground reaction forces, and leg stiffness, were assessed. A 2 × 3 [side (unstable and stable) × focus (baseline, IF, and EF)] Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) analyzed the effects of attentional focus on biomechanical variables in individuals with FAI. No significant interaction effects were observed in this study. At peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), the knee flexion angle was significantly influenced by attentional focus, with a markedly greater angle under EF compared to IF (p < 0.001). Additionally, at peak vGRF, the ankle joint plantarflexion angle was significantly smaller with EF than with IF (p < 0.001). Significant main effects of focus were found for peak vGRF and the time to reach peak vGRF, with higher peak vGRF values observed under baseline and IF conditions compared to EF (p < 0.001). Participants reached peak vGRF more quickly under IF (p < 0.001). Leg Stiffness (kleg) was significantly higher under IF compared to EF (p = 0.001). IF enhances joint stability in FAI, whereas EF promotes a conservative landing strategy with increased knee flexion, dispersing impact and minimizing joint stress. Integrating these strategies into FAI rehabilitation programs can optimize lower limb biomechanics and reduce the risk of reinjury.

It has been proposed that altered dynamic-control strategies during functional activity such as jump landings may partially explain recurrent instability in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). To capture jump-landing time to stabilization (TTS) and ankle motion using a multisegment foot model among FAI, coper, and healthy control individuals. Cross-sectional study. Laboratory. Participants were 23 individuals with a history of at least 1 ankle sprain and at least 2 episodes of giving way in the past year (FAI), 23 individuals with a history of a single ankle sprain and no subsequent episodes of instability (copers), and 23 individuals with no history of ankle sprain or instability in their lifetime (controls). Participants were matched for age, height, and weight (age = 23.3 ± 3.8 years, height = 1.71 ± 0.09 m, weight = 69.0 ± 13.7 kg). Ten single-legged drop jumps were recorded using a 12-camera Vicon MX motion-capture system and a strain-gauge force plate. Mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) TTS in seconds, as well as forefoot and hindfoot sagittal- and frontal-plane angles at jump-landing initial contact and at the point of maximum vertical ground reaction force were calculated. For the forefoot and hindfoot in the sagittal plane, group differences were present at initial contact (forefoot: P = .043, hindfoot: P = .004). At the hindfoot, individuals with FAI displayed more dorsiflexion than the control and coper groups. Time to stabilization differed among groups (AP TTS: P < .001; ML TTS: P = .040). Anteroposterior TTS was longer in the coper group than in the FAI or control groups, and ML TTS was longer in the FAI group than in the control group. During jump landings, copers showed differences in sagittal-plane control, including less plantar flexion at initial contact and increased AP sway during stabilization, which may contribute to increased dynamic stability.

BackgroundThe application of ankle braces is an effective method for the prevention of recurrent ankle sprains. It has been proposed that the reduction of injury rates is based on the mechanical stiffness of the brace and on beneficial effects on proprioception and neuromuscular activation. Yet, how the neuromuscular system responds to the application of various types of ankle braces during highly dynamic injury-relevant movements is not well understood. Enhanced stability of the ankle joint seems especially important for people with chronic ankle instability. We therefore aimed to analyse the effects of a soft and a semi-rigid ankle brace on the execution of highly dynamic 180° turning movements in participants with and without chronic ankle instability.MethodsFifteen participants with functional ankle instability, 15 participants with functional and mechanical ankle instability and 15 healthy controls performed 180° turning movements in reaction to light signals in a cross-sectional descriptive laboratory study. Ankle joint kinematics and kinetics as well as neuromuscular activation of muscles surrounding the ankle joint were determined. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance and post-hoc t-tests were calculated.ResultsMaximum ankle inversion angles and velocities were significantly reduced with the semi-rigid brace in comparison to the conditions without a brace and with the soft brace (p ≤ 0.006, d ≥ 0.303). Effect sizes of these reductions were larger in participants with chronic ankle instability than in healthy controls. Furthermore, peroneal activation levels decreased significantly with the semi-rigid brace in the 100 ms before and after ground contact. No statistically significant brace by group effects were found.ConclusionsBased on these findings, we argue that people with ankle instability in particular seem to benefit from a semi-rigid ankle brace, which allows them to keep ankle inversion angles in a range that is comparable to values of healthy people. Lower ankle inversion angles and velocities with a semi-rigid brace may explain reduced injury incidences with brace application. The lack of effect of the soft brace indicates that the primary mechanism behind the reduction of inversion angles and velocities is the mechanical resistance of the brace in the frontal plane.

Remodeled bicycle pedal training with multidirectional challenges through muscle strengthening and neuromuscular facilitation may increase dynamic postural control and performance during lateral shuffling for athletes with functional ankle instability (FAI). The 6-week remodeled bicycle pedal training is effective on the ankle joint control and muscle activation, and especially that of the ankle evertor muscle co-contraction to improve dynamic postural control during lateral shuffling for athletes with FAI. Laboratory randomized controlled trial. Level 2. Fourteen healthy athletes (healthy group) and 26 athletes with FAI aged 18 to 30 years were included in the study. The athletes with FAI were randomly assigned to either the training group (FAI-T group) or the nontraining group (FAI-NT group). The athletes in the FAI-T group underwent 6 weeks of remodeled bicycle pedal training, whereas those in the FAI-NT group did not undergo any intervention. Muscle co-contraction index and muscle activation in the initial contact (IC) and propulsion phases, and ankle joint angle in the IC and propulsion phases were measured during lateral shuffling before and after 6 weeks of training. After remodeled bicycle pedal training, the FAI-T group demonstrated greater muscle activation in the hamstring (P = 0.01), greater muscle coactivation of the tibialis anterior (TA) and the peroneus longus (P = 0.01), and greater ankle eversion angle in the IC phase. Significantly greater muscle activation of the TA (P = 0.01), greater coactivation of quadriceps and hamstring (P = 0.03), and a smaller ankle inversion angle (P = 0.04) in the propulsion phase were observed in the FAI-T group after training compared with those in the FAI-NT group. Remodeled bicycle pedal training facilitates the TA and peroneus longus activation and the coactivation of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles during lateral shuffling and resulted in enhanced ankle and knee joint stability. In addition, a better ankle movement strategy during a dynamic task can be achieved via a 6-week remodeled pedal training program. This remodeled bicycle pedal training can be effective for rehabilitating athletes with FAI to recover lateral dynamic movement capability.

Stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) administered at an optimal intensity could maximize the effects of treatment on balance. To determine if a customized optimal SRS intensity is better than a traditional SRS protocol (applying the same percentage sensory threshold intensity for all participants) for improving double- and single-legged balance in participants with or without functional ankle instability (FAI). Case-control study with an embedded crossover design. Laboratory. Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women; age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 170 ± 7 cm, mass = 64 ± 10 kg) and 12 participants (6 men, 6 women; age = 23 ± 3 years, height = 174 ± 8 cm, mass = 69 ± 10 kg) with FAI. The SRS optimal intensity level was determined by finding the intensity from 4 experimental intensities at the percentage sensory threshold (25% [SRS₂₅], 50% [SRS₅₀], 75% [SRS₇₅], 90% [SRS₉₀]) that produced the greatest improvement in resultant center-of-pressure velocity (R-COPV) over a control condition (SRS₀) during double-legged balance. We examined double- and single-legged balance tests, comparing optimal SRS (SRS(opt1)) and SRS₀ using a battery of center-of-pressure measures in the frontal and sagittal planes. Anterior-posterior (A-P) and medial-lateral (M-L) center-of-pressure velocity (COPV) and center-of-pressure excursion (COPE), R-COPV, and 95th percentile center-of-pressure area ellipse (COPA-95). Data were organized into bins that represented optimal (SRS(opt1)), second (SRS(opt2)), third (SRS(opt3)), and fourth (SRS(opt4)) improvement over SRS₀. The SRS(opt1) enhanced R-COPV (P ≤ .05) over SRS₀ and other SRS conditions (SRS₀ = 0.94 ± 0.32 cm/s, SRS(opt1) = 0.80 ± 0.19 cm/s, SRS(opt2) = 0.88 ± 0.24 cm/s, SRS(opt3) = 0.94 ± 0.25 cm/s, SRS(opt4) = 1.00 ± 0.28 cm/s). However, SRS did not improve R-COPV over SRS₀ when data were categorized by sensory threshold. Furthermore, SRS(opt1) improved double-legged balance over SRS₀ from 11% to 25% in all participants for the center-of-pressure frontal- and sagittal-plane assessments (P ≤ .05). The SRS(opt1) also improved single-legged balance over SRS₀ from 10% to 17% in participants with FAI for the center-of-pressure frontal- and sagittal-plane assessments (P ≤ .05). The SRS(opt1) did not improve single-legged balance in participants with stable ankles. The SRS(opt1) improved double-legged balance and transfers to enhancing single-legged balance deficits associated with FAI.

발목 테이핑은 상해 예방을 위해 임상적으로 이용되어 질 수 있는 보조적 수단으로 여겨지고 있다. 그러나 그동안의 연구들을 살펴보면 발목 자체에 대한 부분만을 언급하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 발목 테이핑의 적용이 기능적 발목 불안정성을 가진 선수들에게서 점프 후 착지 시에 하지 관절에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. 점프의 거리는 각 대상자 키의 50%로 결정하였으며 높이는 각 대상자 키의 20%로 결정하였다. VICON을 이용하여 하지관절의 데이터를 수집하였고, 점프 착지 동안 시상면, 관상면, 수평면의 관절 움직임의 변화를 측정하였다. 테이핑은 통계적으로 시상면에서 착지순간 저측 굴곡과 최대 저측 굴곡을 제한하는 효과가 있었으며, 반면에 착지순간 무릎 굴곡과 최대 무릎 굴곡, 착지순간 엉덩 굴곡과 최대 엉덩 굴곡을 통계적으로 유의하게 증가시키는 효과가 있었으며, 관상면에서는 최대 발목 내번, 착지순간 무릎 외반과 최대 무릎 외반, 최대 엉덩 외전을 감소시키는 효과가 있었고, 수평면에서는 최대 발목 외전, 최대 엉덩 내회전의 감소를 보였다. 발목 테이핑은 발목 관절 운동범위의 제한과 함께 무릎 관절이나 엉덩 관절에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. K. H. KIM, J. H. CHO, and S. C. LEE, The Effect of Taping on Lower Extremity during Jump Landing in Subjects with Functional Ankle Instability. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 265-272, 2009. Ankle taping is thought that it can be very useful in clinical setting for reducing injury. However, the studies of ankle taping is focused only ankle joint. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of taping on lower extremity during jump landing in subjects with functional ankle instability. we collected the data from VICON. Joint range of motion for sagittal plane, frontal plane and transverse plane were measured during a jump-landing task. Taping used in this study appeared to restrict ankle motion with altering the knee and hip joint ROM. We found ankle taping had effects of reducing PF, initial contact PF in sagittal plane, while increasing knee flexion, hip flexion, intial contact hip flexion statistically. It decreased ankle inversion, knee valgus, initial contact knee valgus, hip abduction in frontal plane and ankle abduction, hip internal rotation in transverse plane statistically. Ankle taping showed significant change Knee and hip joint ROM with ankle joint ROM.