Abstract
Effective management is necessary due to the substantial environmental challenges arising from the significant annual biosolids production in wastewater treatment plants. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) provides a viable solution for transforming biosolids into renewable crude oil. However, further investigation is required to understand the HTL of biosolids. An examination of HTL in a small-scale batch reactor revealed that both the HTL reaction conditions and biosolids content influence the yield of renewable crude oil, which ranged from 21% to 26%, where the highest yield was achieved at 250 °C, 20 min. However, the highest extractible renewable crude yields were achieved at 350 °C and 40 mins due to the high amount of the low boiling material at a low boiling point. The fractions of renewable crude oil were influenced by both the HTL reaction conditions and the biosolids content. Based on the boiling point, biosolids with a high-lipid content produced the maximum potential gasoline and naphtha-like yield, while high-carbohydrate biosolid content generated the highest potential kerosene-like yield. All biosolid samples demonstrated significant potential for gas oil-like, wax, and lubricating oil-like fractions. Additionally, A developed bulk kinetic model to predict the product fractions showed the trends in product fractions with various reaction times and temperatures.
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