Effect of plant growth regulators on seed germination of mechanically scarified seeds of Himalayan wild Cherry (Prunus cerasoides d. Don)

Plant growth regulators are the naturally extracted or synthesised compounds which are used in smaller quantity to modify the hormonal activity in agricultural and horticultural crops. Though there effect was not totally revealed there was some significant works carried out to know the effect of growth regulators on agronomic crops they are now using in wide range of crops to alter different parameters such as plant height, canopy development, effective branching, flower imitation and improving yield. They also play a key role in dryland farming as some of the plant growth regulators are used in stress tolerance of the crops. Few research works are carried to know the effect of major plant growth regulators on cereals and pulses. The plant growth regulators like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and ethephon are the majorly used plant growth regulators in cereals and pulses to obtain optimum plant growth and to improve the yields.

Melia azedarach L. is a valuable source of antioxidants and secondary metabolites. This study is a first extensive report about the effect of different serialization protocols and plant growth regulators (PGRs) on explant disinfection efficiency, callus induction and secondary metabolites production and accumulation in callus cultures of M. azedarach L. In this regard, the effect of plant growth regulators on callus induction and secondary metabolites production were examined. In addition, different sterilization agents were evaluated for disinfection of chinaberry leaf explants. The results showed that the lowest percentage of explant contamination and browning with the highest percentage of callus induction and callus growth obtained with explants pretreated with benomyl (2 g/L) for 2 h and sterilized with 7% H2O2 for 10 min and NaOCl 2% (without pH adjustment) for 12 min. Although adjusting the pH of NaOCl to pH = 7 and 10 significantly reduced the microbial contamination and increased the percentage of contamination-free cultures of M. azedarach L., adversely influenced the explant viability and callus induction and growth. The highest percentage of callus induction obtained on the MS medium containing 3 mg/L NAA/2,4-D and 1 or 3 mg/L Kin/BAP, and the highest callus yield (1804.833 mg/explant) belonged to the MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L 2,4-D and 5 mg/L Kin. The callus cultures grown on the MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L Kin produced the highest amount of Quercetin (2.06 mg/g fresh weight), Rutin (5.56 mg/g fresh weight) and Kaempferol (1.84 mg/g fresh weight).

Abiotic stresses such as unpredictable rainfall, temperature variations, drought and soil degradation reduce ginger yield and rhizome quality. Polyhouse cultivation minimizes these effects but often favors vegetative growth over rhizome development. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) help redirect assimilates to storage organs, optimize source-sink balance and improve yield and quality. Thus, the present study entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators on biochemical quality of ginger transplants grown under transplants under polyhouse cultivation” evaluated the effect of various PGRs on quality attributes in ginger transplants under polyhouse conditions. The investigation was carried out in KVK, Palakkad from August 2024 to March 2025. The pot culture was done in CRD using PGRs such as CCC, GA₃, NAA and BAP at three different concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm) along with a control (water), which were applied at 90 and 120 DAT. The highest protein content (23.65 mg/g) was observed in naphthalene acetic acid at 150 ppm. Cycocel at 150 ppm produced the highest total sugar, volatile oil as well as oleoresin content in ginger. Gibberellin at 150 ppm maintaining the maximum chlorophyll content (3.450 mg/g), Based on the findings, foliar application of Cycocel enhanced the quality parameters of ginger by facilitating the redirection of photoassimilates from aerial parts to rhizomes. Thus, this study concluded that application of Cycocel at 150 ppm significantly improved the quality of ginger transplants under polyhouse conditions.

To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on the growth and quality of Angelica dahurica var. formosana. Five plant growth regulators: chlormequat chloride (CCC), Mepiquat chloride (PIX), Gibberellic acid (GA3), Paclobutrazol (PP333) and Maleic Hydrazide (MH) were sprayed in rosette stage, the effects of these plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the growth, yield and quality of A. dahurica var. formosanaw were observed. The biological traits were first measured and then imperatorin and isoimperatorin contents in roots were determined by HPLC. Low concentration GA3 increased the yield while not influenced the premature bolting rate and the coumarin content. Spraying of GA3 (30 mg x L(-1)) could guarantee the growth and development of A. dahurica var. formosana to have a higher yield and maintain the active ingredients content in the root as well.

Effect of plant growth regulators on vegetative growth, sex expression,fruit setting, seed yield and quality was studied for hybrid seed production in the parental lines of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) hybrids,Pusa hybrid 1 and Pusa hybrid 2 in rainy and spring-summer season. Plant growth regulators namely GA3 @ 50 ppm, NAA @ 200 ppm, maleic hydrazide @ 100 ppm, etherel @ 50 ppm were sprayed at three leaf and tendril initiation stage. The results showed that application of GA3 significantly enhanced vine length, number of branches and nodes/vine, fruiting, seed yield and quality in the parental lines in both the seasons.The plants sprayed with growth regulators showed induction of female flowers at lower nodes with 3-5 more pistillate flowers per vine and higher sex ratio as compared to unsprayed control. In manually pollinated flowers, plants sprayed with GA3@ 50 ppm had higher fruit and seed setting, fruit weight and hybrid seed yield. All the growth regulators had positive influence on vegetative, flowering and fruit traits in both the seasons but effect of growth regulators were more evident in rainy than springsummer season. GA3 @ 50 ppm, NAA @ 200 ppm, etherel @ 50 ppm were effective for enhancement in vegetative growth, fruit and seed yield and modification of sex expression but GA3 @ 50 ppm sprayed twice at three leaf and tendril initiation stage was most effective for hybrid seed production of bitter gourd.

Ginger is one of the oldest and renowned commercial spices well known for its medicinal and pharmaceutical value. Land degradation, availability of the quality rhizomes and diseases are some of the challenges faced in the ginger production. Since the productivity of a plant is influenced by a complex physiological process controlled by plant growth hormone balancing systems, the application of the growth regulators can have positive effect. Manipulating the PGR combinations and concentrations can lead to better quality and productivity in ginger. Hence, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on nutrient and quality parameters in the ginger variety IISR Varada. Foliar spray of PGRs with 6-benzyl adenine purine (6-BAP), cycocel (Chlormequat chloride), gibberellic acid (GA) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) with five concentrations viz., 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm were applied 4th month after planting and water spray treated as control. Nutrients composition and biochemical components were observed on 5th month after planting and oleoresin was observed in the rhizomes after harvest. The results of pooled data over two years revealed that GA at 100 ppm recorded maximum nitrogen and chlorophyll content in leaves, potassium and protein in rhizomes. Regarding the oil content, maximum was noticed in treatment 100ppm Paclobutrazol followed by GA 100ppm.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) most widely farmed bulbous crop in the world and the second most widely cultivated Allium species after onion. The aim of the study to provide input and output per hectare. of garlic to determine the potential growth regulator. Through the application of chemical fertilizers environmental pollution through nitrate poisoning and exterminating soil micro-flora thereby, the alternatives to those problem the growth regulators play important role in economic production and cost management of garlic by employing methodology of Randomized Block Design comprising of three replications with ten treatments. The present experiment conducted on various kinds of growth regulators (Gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 50 ppm, GA3@ 100ppm, GA3@ 150 ppm, Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 50 ppm, NAA@ 100 ppm, NAA@ 200ppm, Kinetin@ 10 ppm, Kinetin@ 20 ppm, Kinetin@ 40 ppm and Control (Distilled water) at the instructional and research farm of the Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, India, during the autumn and winter seasons for two consecutive years. In view of effect of different plant growth regulators on the economics of garlic under terai region of west Bengal has observed significant variation. The result obtained that the foliar application of GA3@50 ppm generated maximum net returns (812753 Rs/ ha.) and benefit cost ratio (4.44) over other treatments. The control plots treated with distilled water was produced qualitatively inferior bulbs and generated lowest net returns (461946Rs/ha.) and benefit cost ratio (2.62). Interestingly the highest harvest index obtained under the Knetin@20 ppm (71.53) and lowest HI obtained under treatment of GA3 @100 ppm. (62.59). Based on the current experimental results, it may be concluded that foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm proved the best over other plant growth regulators.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has become the largest traded vegetable oil in the world due to its innumerable uses and its huge economic importance. Which increases the requirement of quality seedling but the conventional seed production limits the commercial seed production with its long germination period and low germination rate. In this context in vitro germination of zygotic embryo could be a promising alternative. Hence in this study the effect of culturing media, plant growth regulators and genotypes were assessed on in vitro regeneration and plantlet development of oil palm zygotic embryos. Zygotic embryos of four elite genotypes were cultured on MS, N6 and Y3 media, with or without plant growth regulators (NAA, BA and GA3-0.2mg/lt). There was no effect of culture media, plant growth regulators and genotypes on germination of zygotic embryos. Whereas on the growth and development of in vitro plantlets, there was a significant effect of culture media and genotypes. Where culture media N6 performs well and Y3 has shown more abnormality. In case of genotypes, genotypes G1 and G2 shown better performance when compared to genotypes G3 and G4. The effect of plant growth regulators on germination and plant growth was non significant.

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024–25 at the Research Farm of Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan), to assess the effect of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) and organic manures on the growth, yield, and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.), variety ‘Agrifound Light Red’. The experiment followed a factorial randomized block design with 16 treatment combinations involving four PGRs (Control, GA₃ @ 100 ppm, NAA @ 100 ppm, and CCC @ 100 ppm) and four organic manure types (Control, FYM @ 12 t/ha, Vermicompost @ 4.0 t/ha, and Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha), replicated thrice. The results indicated that the combination treatment P2-GA₃ @ 100 ppm + O4-Poultry manure @ 2.5 t/ha significantly outperformed other treatments in enhancing plant growth parameters such as plant height (up to 48.72 cm), number of leaves (7.16 per plant), and earliness in flowering (minimum 95.17 days to 50% flowering). Yield attributes including polar and equatorial bulb diameter (5.84 cm and 7.08 cm, respectively), neck thickness (1.62 cm), bulb weight (64.07 g), and yield (26.54 t/ha) were also highest under this treatment. Additionally, the same combination produced the best quality in terms of TSS (14.34 °Brix) and sulfur content (0.65%). These findings highlight the synergistic effects of gibberellic acid and poultry manure in promoting onion productivity and quality. The integration of organic manures with plant bioregulators can improve soil health and optimize physiological responses, making it a promising strategy for sustainable onion production under semi-arid conditions.

An experiment to study the effect of plant growth regulators and chemicals on acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) was carried out in the year 2014 in the Experimental Farm, Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were T1 (control-water spray), T2 (GA 50 ppm), T3 (GA 100 ppm), T4 (Cycocel 1000 ppm), T5 (KNO3 one percent), T6 (GA3 50 ppm + Cycocel 1000ppm), T7 (GA3 100 ppm + Cycocel 1000 ppm), T8 (GA3 100 + Cycocel 1000ppm +KNO3 1 per cent. The experimental results indicate that the acid lime trees sprayed with GA3 100 ppm + Cycocel 1000ppm + KNO3 1 per cent showed better performance in delaying of flowering, increase the number of flower/shoot (6.62), number of fruits/tree (149) and average fruit yield (4.64 kg/tree) of the crop. Effect of growth regulators and chemicals on quality characters however was not found significant for most of the parameters except TSS, ascorbic acid and titrable acidity. The higher results were obtained in T8 i.e. GA3 100 ppm + Cycocel 1000ppm + KNO3 1 per cent (8.27%) for titrable acidity and ascorbic acid (41.21 mg). Control with water spray alone registered the lowest values for both quantitative and qualititative parameters.

Coffee propagation is performed by seeding. However, germination in coffee seed is slow and uneven. Indeed, the production of plants in field is affected by environmental factors, which retards the germination rates and, in consequence, the number of plants obtained. Plant tissue culture provides the possibility of applying different growing conditions, such as different types of media and using phytoregulators, to induce a response in order to shorten zygotic embryo germination times. Therefore, due to limited understanding of growing zygotic embryos of coffee, we evaluated the effect of certain plant growth regulators on zygotic embryo germination of Coffea arabica . To study germination times, we evaluated the effects of culture media with incubation either at photoperiod or darkness and with certain plant growth regulators [gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), kinetin (KIN) and salicylic acid (SA), at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg l -1 each]. Zygotic embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS), and Gamborg media at different concentrations ( 1 / 1 , ½, and ¼ of its ionic strength) under conditions of darkness and photoperiod. Germination times of zygotic embryos cultured in MS medium had a mean of 5.1 days, whereas zygotic embryos cultured in B5 medium germinated with a mean of 7.5 days. Among the plant growth regulators used, gibberellic acid at 0.1 mg l -1 proved to be the most efficient in germinating zygotic embryos, with 100% germination reached by the 5th day. Germination time of zygotic embryos was 12 days when ABA at 0.1 mg l -1 was used; however, ABA inhibited germination of embryos when it was used at concentrations of 1.0 and 10 mg l -1 since only 10% germination occurred. Regarding the germination times of zygotic embryos of coffee, the priority order of efficiency was GA > KIN > SA > IBA > NAA > ABA. Also, with the exception of SA, concentrations higher than 0.1 mg l -1 increased the zygotic embryo germination rates. Key words : Zygotic embryos, coffee, germination, phytohormones.

The effect of several plant growth regulators on the number of tumors developing on potato tuber discs (Solatium tuberosum L. cv. Radka) inoculated withAgrobacterium tumefaciens, strain C 58 was studied. The plant growth regulators used in appropriate range of concentrations stimulated the formation of tumors byA. tumefaciens. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was most active in concentration of 10−4 mg ml−1. Kinetin gave a biphasic response with optimal promotions of tumor initiation at 10−4 − 2 × 10−3 mg ml−1. High kinetin concentration (10−1 mg ml−1) inhibited the formation of tumors completely. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) stimulated the initiation of tumors in the same range of concentrations as kinetin, except that very high concentrations did not inhibit but enhanced tumor formation. 2,4-diehlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) showed a biphasic response with maxima in 10−4 mg ml−1 and 10−1 mg ml−1. All the tumors scored for nopaline production showed nopaline synthase activity independently whether their formation was stimulated by l0−1 mg ml−1 IAA or they were initiated without any treatment by plant growth regulators.

Verbascum bugulifolium is a rare and potentially multi-purpose plant species with a narrow natural distribution limited to South?eastern Bulgaria and Northwestern T?rkiye. This study examined the effects of several plant growth regulators on seed germina?tion, organ development, and callogenesis in V. bugulifolium to identify an efficient in vitro culture protocol which would aid in conservation efforts and estimate its medicinal potential. Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment at 0.5 mg L-1 promoted seed germination and organ development. The efficacy of GA3 treatment in enhancing seed germination and callogenesis increased when combined with thidiazuron (TDZ) at 2.0 mg L-1. The GA3 treatment also increased hypocotyl lengths when combined with other PGRs, except when combined with kinetin (KIN). Leaf production increased in response to GA3 treatment alone or in combination with 6-benzyl?aminopurine (BAP) and TDZ. High concentrations of auxin treatments limited leaf production. Treatment with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.25 mg L-1 increased root production while significantly decreasing its elongation. All cytokinin and auxin treatments except indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 0.25 and 0.5 mg L-1 significantly reduced root elongation. GA3 treatments and the combination of GA3 with IBA at 0.5 mg L-1 increased root lengths. TDZ was the most effective callus-inducing growth regulator, and its effect increased when combined with GA3. The calli yielded promising amounts of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, which varied in response to different TDZ concentrations. The protocol described here may be used to promote enhanced seedling growth and callogenesis in the species.

Labisia pumila var. alata, commonly known as 'Kacip Fatimah' or 'Selusuh Fatimah' in Southeast Asia, is traditionally used by members of the Malay community because of its post-partum medicinal properties. Its various pharmaceutical applications cause an excessive harvesting and lead to serious shortage in natural habitat. Thus, this in vitro propagation study investigated the effects of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on in vitro leaf and stem explants of L. pumila. The capabilities of callus, shoot, and root formation were evaluated by culturing both explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various PGRs at the concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/L. Medium supplemented with 3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed the optimal callogenesis from both leaf and stem explants with (72.34 ± 19.55)% and (70.40 ± 14.14)% efficacy, respectively. IBA was also found to be the most efficient PGR for root induction. A total of (50.00 ± 7.07)% and (77.78 ± 16.47)% of root formation were obtained from the in vitro stem and leaf explants after being cultured for (26.5 ± 5.0) and (30.0 ± 8.5) d in the medium supplemented with 1 and 3 mg/L of IBA, respectively. Shoot formation was only observed in stem explant, with the maximum percentage of formation ((100.00 ± 0.00)%) that was obtained in 1 mg/L zeatin after (11.0 ± 2.8) d of culture. Callus, roots, and shoots can be induced from in vitro leaf and stem explants of L. pumila through the manipulation of types and concentrations of PGRs.

Objective: In this study, the effect of pericarp and seed coat on germination in dormant Laurel seeds was investigated. In addition, it was aimed to increase the germination rate of Laurel seeds with various pre-treatments and plant growth regulators. Materials and Methods: Seeds taken from Laurel trees at the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute were used as starting material. Seeds with and without pericarp were cultured in MS nutrient medium. Then, pre-treatments (water and solution of GA3 soaking) were made to the seeds. After determining the effect of pericarp and pre-treatments on germination, the seeds were cultured in MS nutrient media containing 1 mg/L BAP, GA3 and NAA. Results: Germination percentages of 20% and 33.33% and shoot formation percentages 13.33% and 26.67% were found in seeds without pericarp and without pericarp-with a cut seed coat, respectively. As a result of the pre-treatment trials, the highest germination (86.67%), shoot formation (80%), shoot length (2.43 cm), average root lenght (6.81 cm), average leaf lenght (0.73 cm), average number of leaf (2.60 number) were obtained in seeds without pericarp-with a cut seed coat kept in 1000 mg/L GA3 for 24 hours. In order to determine the effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro germination, seeds kept at 1000 mg/L GA3 for 24 hours were cultured in MS nutrient media containing 1 mg/L BAP, GA3 and NAA. The highest germination (100%), shoot formation (100%), average shoot lenght (5.13 cm), average root length (7.35 cm), average leaf lenght (0.875 cm), average number of root (2.07 number) and average number of leaf (3.63 number) were obtained in MS nutrient media containing 1 mg/L GA3. Conclusion: As a result of the experiments, the dormancy in the Laurel seeds was broken and 100% germination rate was achieved. This protocol provides an effective method for rapid and short-term in vitro germination of laurel seeds.