Abstract
Postprandial lipemia, which is one of the main characteristics of the atherogenic dyslipidemia with fasting plasma hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase of small and dense low-density lipoproteins is now considered a causal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Postprandial lipemia, which is mainly related to the increase in chylomicron production, is frequently elevated in individuals at high cardiovascular risk such as obese or overweight patients, type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with a metabolic syndrome who share an insulin resistant state. It is now well known that chylomicron production and thus postprandial lipemia is highly regulated by many factors such as endogenous factors: circulating factors such as hormones or free fatty acids, genetic variants, circadian rhythms, or exogenous factors: food components, dietary supplements and prescription drugs. In this review, we focused on the effect of nutrients, micronutrients and phytochemicals but also on food structure on chylomicron production and postprandial lipemia.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world [1]
Many clinical studies have highlighted the fact that healthy humans spend most of their time in a hyperlipidemic postprandial state due to the repetitive consumption of fat-containing meals and that this process is exacerbated in hyperlipidemic patients
Postprandial lipemia is characterized by the accumulation of both hepatic apoB-100 and intestinally-derived apoB-48 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in the circulation, which participate in atherosclerotic plaque progression
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in the world [1]. Atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD), which is mainly characterized by plasma fasting and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (postprandial hyperlipemia), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Synthesized by the liver (very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)) [4] and the intestine (chylomicrons (CM)) [5]. This accumulation has been attributed to the overproduction of both VLDL and CM and to a defective TRL removal process [6,7]. Elevated fasting and postprandial blood TRL concentrations, which are mainly related to the increase in CM production, are considered a causal risk factor for Nutrients 2019, 11, 1299; doi:10.3390/nu11061299 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. We will focus on the effect of nutrients, micronutrients and phytochemicals and on food structure on CM production and postprandial lipemia (TRL metabolism only) in humans [9]
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