Effect of Nitrogen on Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Populations of Stored Product Insects.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe sawtoothed grain beetle, the red flour beetle and the rice weevil are three major stored product insects that attack different stored products worldwide. Limited chemical options are available, and eco-friendlier management strategies are needed. Low oxygen treatment can be used as an alternative method to limit chemical treatments. Therefore, we conducted nine trials in commercial nitrogen chambers with phosphine susceptible and resistant populations. The vials with insects were placed in different locations inside the chambers and mortality was recorded after the termination of each trial. The vials were kept at laboratory conditions for 65 days in order to measure progeny production. Low or no survival was recorded in all cases for all species. Moreover, progeny production was suppressed with some exceptions for some species and populations. The current study indicates that low oxygen is effective against phosphine susceptible and resistant populations and can be used as alternative method to chemicals.In this study, we evaluated nitrogen treatment on phosphine-resistant field and -susceptible laboratory populations of different stored product beetles. Nine trials were conducted in commercial nitrogen chambers with the O2 level set at 1.0%. Two different temperatures—i.e., 28 and 40 °C—and three exposure intervals—i.e., 2.5, 3 and 9 d—were used in our tests. Adults of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae); the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae); and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were used in the trials. The insects were placed in vials with different commodities per species and population, and their mortality was measured after the termination of each trial. Then, the vials were kept in incubator chambers at 25 °C and 65% relative humidity for 65 d to measure progeny production. Complete parental mortality was observed in all cases for O. surinamensis and S. oryzae, but there was some survival for T. castaneum at 28 °C and 3 d of exposure. In general, progeny production was completely (100%) suppressed, with some exceptions for all species and populations. The results indicate that low oxygen is effective for all species tested, regardless of their resistance status to phosphine, and can be further adopted as an alternative method to mitigate resistance in stored product beetles.