Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of N-2-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) on the removal of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, crystal violet staining, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) measurements were performed to analyze removal of the biofilms formed in a bovine root canal. A confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) assay was used to measure the volume of the biofilms. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to investigate the biofilm-associated genes. The morphologic feature of the biofilms was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). NMP decreased CFU numbers, eDNA levels, and biofilm biomass significantly compared to control. qRT-PCR showed that NMP increased the expression of some virulence-associated genes, but downregulated genes related to colonization and persistency. SEM showed that the numerous dentinal tubules were exposed as a result of removal of the biofilm. Collectively, NMP has the potential to be used as a vehicle for endodontic intracanal medicaments.
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