Effect of Music on Pulmonary Function Performance of Athletes

The current definition of sinus tachycardia is a heart rate >100 beats per minute (bpm).1 This limit was set arbitrarily when heart rate was not yet regarded as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, probably with the main purpose of distinguishing between a disease state (fever, thyrotoxicosis, anemia, congestive heart failure, etc) and a normal condition. In recent years, interest has been aroused by the awareness that fast heart rate is a potent precursor of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and their sequelae.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In addition, many leading epidemiological studies have shown that tachycardia is associated with an increased risk of death from cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes. This relationship has been found in general populations,3 4 5 6 7 in elderly individuals,9 and in hypertensive cohorts.10 In all of these studies, the heart rate value above that in which a significant increase in risk was observed was below the 100 bpm threshold (Table 1⇓). Only in the study by Levy et al3 was tachycardia defined as a heart rate >99 bpm, but in that study the cutoff between normal and high heart rate was chosen arbitrarily, and the highest heart rate value measured during the examination was taken to define the subject’s heart rate. In all the other studies, the threshold level between normal and fast heart rate was between 79 and 90 bpm. View this table: Table 1. Heart Rate Values Above Which a Significant Increase in Risk Was Found: Data From 9 Epidemiological Studies The normalcy limits of a clinical variable can be established according to different criteria. For many parameters, such as most biochemical indexes, the 95% confidence interval is calculated to identify the upper normal limit of the variable. This statistical approach does not appear suitable for those clinical variables …

Perineal nerve block versus periprostatic block for patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy (APROPOS): a prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled study

To demonstrate the effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on baroregulatory function by using heart rate recovery (HRR) parameters. Materials and methods: Fifty-four moderate and severe OSAS patients were included in the study. HRR was defined as the difference in heart rate between peak exercise and 1 min later; a value of 18 beats/min was considered abnormal. OSAS patients were enrolled in the study as group 1 (normal HRR; n = 12) and group 2 (abnormal HRR, n = 42). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %) and other parameters were also measured by echocardiography in both groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 2 with regard to resting heart rate, or basic clinical and echocardiographic features (P > 0.05). The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was negatively correlated with the value of maximal heart rate during exercise (P < 0.05). In group 1, the mean age and coronary artery disease were significantly lower (respectively, 55.68 ± 10.05, 60.50 ± 9.00 years; 47.2% (n = 34), 80% (n = 24): P < 0.05), whereas the mean values of LVEF and maximal heart rate during exercise were significantly higher in comparison to group 2 (respectively 52.13 ± 11.95%, 45.13 ± 11.74%; 141.42 ± 19.70, 121.17 ± 19.01/min). Conclusion: These results indicate that in OSAS baroregulatory function was impaired. This may show that baroreflex dysfunction is correlated with OSAS. The routine inclusion of HRR in the prognostic assessment of patients with OSAS may be warranted.

Background Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to evaluate cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. In the adult population decreased HRV has been associated with increased mortality in patients with cardiac disease, however, application of HRV in patients with congenital heart disease is not well established. Purpose To describe and compare HRV parameters obtained by clinical Holter monitoring in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and healthy controls and to evaluate its association with different clinical outcomes. Methods Data from 489 patients were obtained; 150 had undergone repair of TOF and 339 were healthy controls. Using propensity score matching (PSM), 149 TOF patients were matched for sex, age at Holter,body mass index, use of beta-blockers, and ectopic beats with 149 healthy patients. Minimum, maximum, average heart rate and time domain HRV parameters (ASDNN5, SDANN5, SDNN, RMSSD, PNN50) and clinical outcomes (arrhythmias, hospital admission for cardiac disease, and functional class) were compared between groups using simple and multiple linear regression models as well as logistic regression analysis. Results No significantdifference was found in time domain HRV parameters between the two groups, though average (−7.0253, p=0.000) and maximum (−15.8585, p=0.000) heart rate values were significantly lower in patients with TOF compare with controls. Logistic regression analysis showed an association between maximum heart rate values and the development of arrhythmias (OR=0.9817, p=0.013), as well as the functional class (OR=0.9706, p=0.03). Conclusion Average and maximum heart rates are significantly lower in patients with repaired TOF compared to the control population. Time domain HRV parameters were not associated with clinical outcomes in patients with TOF when compared to healthy controls. Further investigation assessing frequency domain parameters may provide further insight. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

The slope of the oxygen pulse curve does not depend on the maximal heart rate in elite soccer players

Blood pressure and heart rate changes during nasotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia were studied in 100 patients who were randomly allocated to fibreoptic bronchoscope or direct laryngoscopy intubation. Noninvasive blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and immediately after anaesthesia induction, at anaesthesia intubation and every minute thereafter for 5 min. Nasotracheal intubation was accompanied by significant increases in blood pressure and heart rate compared to baseline values in both groups. Blood pressure and heart rate at intubation, and the maximum values of blood pressure during the observation were significantly higher in the fibreoptic bronchoscope group. However, the maximum values of heart rate were not significantly different between the two groups. Fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation may result in more severe pressor and tachycardiac responses than direct laryngoscopic nasotracheal intubation.

Vital signs traditionally consist of blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate, and are an important component of monitoring the patient's progress during hospitalisation. An initial search of the literature indicated that there was a vast volume of published information relating to this topic; however, there had been no previous attempt to systematically review this literature. This review was therefore initiated to identify, appraise and summarise the best available evidence relating to the measurement of vital signs in hospital patients. The objectives of this review were to present the best available information related to the monitoring of patient vital signs with regard to their purpose, limitations, optimal frequency of measurements, and what measures should constitute vital signs. The review also sought to identify additional issues of importance related to the individual parameters of temperature measurement, blood pressure assessment, pulse rate measurement and respiratory rate measurement. This review considered all studies that related to the objectives and included neonatal, paediatric and/or adult hospital patients. The outcome measures of interest were those related to the accuracy of, required frequency of or the need for vital signs. The review also considered any study addressing some aspect of vital signs measurement to ensure all issues of importance were identified. The search sought to find both published and unpublished studies. Databases searched included CINAHL, Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, Embase and Dissertation Abstracts. The references of all identified studies were examined for additional references. All studies were checked for methodological quality, and data was extracted using a data extraction tool. Although a variety of measures may be useful additions to the traditional four vital sign parameters, only pulse oximetry and smoking status have been shown to change patient care and outcomes. There are suggestions that vital sign monitoring has become a routine procedure, but little useful information was identified in regard to the optimal frequency of vital sign measurement. It was noted that many of the important issues related to vital sign measurement have not been investigated through research.There is currently only limited research related to respiratory rate as a vital sign; however, its value as an indicator of serious illness has not been reliably established. There is only limited research relating to pulse rate measurements. Although routinely used for all hospital patients, the ability to detect serious physiological changes by assessment of pulse rate has not been rigorously evaluated. Many factors were identified that could potentially influence the accuracy of blood pressure measurement. Auscultation is accurate for the measurement of systolic blood pressure using phase I Korotkoff sound as the reference point, and for diastolic pressure if phase V Korotkoff sounds are used. Cuff size can influence accuracy, in that using a cuff that is too narrow will likely overestimate blood pressure and a cuff that is too wide will underestimate the pressure. Research suggests that blood pressure should be measured on the upper arm, while the arm is resting at approximate heart level. Studies have shown that healthcare workers often measure blood pressure in an incorrect and inaccurate way, and this is of some concern. However, a small number of studies suggest that education programs can be effective in improving blood pressure measurement techniques. The largest volume of research identified during this review related to the measurement of temperature. For accurate measurement of oral temperatures the thermometer should be positioned in either the left or right posterior sublingual pocket and remain in the mouth for 6-7 min. Although oxygen therapy and different types of breathing patterns will not influence accuracy of oral temperature measurements, hot or cold liquids will. For the measurement of tympanic temperatures, an ear tug should be used to help straighten the external auditory canal and so ensure measurement accuracy. The presence of impacted cerumen will likely result in inaccurate measurements. The only potential harm as a result of measuring vital signs was associated with glass mercury thermometers, in terms of rectal perforation, the risk of mercury poisoning was not clearly established. Although there has been considerable research undertaken on many specific aspects of vital sign measurement, there is an urgent need for further primary research into the more general issues such as what parameters should be measured, the optimal frequency of measurements and the role of new technology in patient monitoring.

Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus have been appropriately highlighted as established predictors of cardiovascular disease. These risk factors have become preeminent targets for influencing cardiovascular risk; their assessment, treatment, and monitoring are major emphases of clinical care, research investigation, treatment guidelines, organization position papers, and measures of physician and hospital performance. Notably, lifestyle risk factors, including dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking, and adiposity, strongly influence the established cardiovascular risk factors and also affect novel pathways of risk such as inflammation/oxidative stress, endothelial function, thrombosis/coagulation, and arrhythmia. Furthermore, modest alterations of these lifestyle risk factors are achievable and have substantial effects on cardiovascular risk. Thus, basic lifestyle habits should be considered fundamental risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Although efforts to combat established and novel risk factors with pharmacological treatments are important and should continue, we call for a systematic rebalancing of current research, clinical care, and policy efforts to focus more on lifestyle. The rising costs of healthcare and the epidemics of overweight and obesity highlight the inadequacies of our current strategy. Substantially more resources should be directed toward research on lifestyle risk factors, their determinants, and effective interventions to change them. The clinical evaluation and treatment of dietary, physical activity, and smoking habits must become as routine and familiar as assessment of blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels. Major policy initiatives and reimbursement guidelines must also be rebalanced to emphasize lifestyle risk factors. Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death and disability among men and women in nearly all nations.1 Identification of persons at higher or lower risk for cardiovascular events is important to facilitate effective use of resources and interventions to reduce disease burden among individuals and in society. Each of the established risk factors for cardiovascular disease—age, gender, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking—have been appropriately highlighted …

Background: The accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP) is essential for the diagnosis &amp; management of hypertension. In clinical practice, BP is estimated using noninvasive methods but there is significant variability in practice, despite guidelines and recommendations for accurate BP assessment. Individual clinical practices implementation of guidelines for BP assessment influence accuracy and clinical certainty of BP measurements. Hypothesis: We sought to assess how BP is assessed in clinical practice of cardiologists and to assess the clinical certainty of the BP obtained in their clinics. Methods: A survey was administered through professional societies that include predominately cardiologists &amp; via Twitter. Assessment of adherence to guideline recommendations for BP assessment was measured and compared to belief and reliability of BP assessment in clinic. Results: 612 surveys were completed in 30 days, 364 completed by cardiologists; 49 (13%) preventive cardiologists. Majority of cardiologists based in United States. 53% routinely check BP in both arms at initial visit, 48% check BP only 1X/per visit; 64% wait 5 minutes before initial BP assessment. Automated BP assessment is used in 58% of respondents’ clinics. 83% trust their BP readings in clinic. Only 23% (85) of all cardiologist accurately measure BP as recommended by guidelines &amp; it is more likely to be done by a preventive cardiologist (P=0.017). For those who do measure BP correctly, 80% repeat BP manually compared with 54% who do not measure BP accurately (P&lt;0.001). For those who perform BP accurately, 86% report trusting their BP readings in clinic, similar to those who assess BP inaccurately (P=0.45). Conclusions: Accurate BP assessment by cardiologists remains suboptimal. Reliability of BP assessment in clinic requires education, implementation of recommendations and empowerment of the entire team to improve BP assessment &amp; results in improved cardiovascular outcomes for our patients.

Background Vital signs traditionally consist of blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate, and are an important component of monitoring the patient's progress during hospitalisation. An initial search of the literature indicated that there was a vast volume of published information relating to this topic; however, there had been no previous attempt to systematically review this literature. This review was therefore initiated to identify, appraise and summarise the best available evidence relating to the measurement of vital signs in hospital patients. Objectives The objectives of this review were to present the best available information related to the monitoring of patient vital signs with regard to their purpose, limitations, optimal frequency of measurements, and what measures should constitute vital signs. The review also sought to identify additional issues of importance related to the individual parameters of temperature measurement, blood pressure assessment, pulse rate measurement and respiratory rate measurement. Review methods This review considered all studies that related to the objectives and included neonatal, paediatric and/or adult hospital patients. The outcome measures of interest were those related to the accuracy of, required frequency of or the need for vital signs. The review also considered any study addressing some aspect of vital signs measurement to ensure all issues of importance were identified. The search sought to find both published and unpublished studies. Databases searched included CINAHL, Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, Embase and Dissertation Abstracts. The references of all identified studies were examined for additional references. All studies were checked for methodological quality, and data was extracted using a data extraction tool. Results Although a variety of measures may be useful additions to the traditional four vital sign parameters, only pulse oximetry and smoking status have been shown to change patient care and outcomes. There are suggestions that vital sign monitoring has become a routine procedure, but little useful information was identified in regard to the optimal frequency of vital sign measurement. It was noted that many of the important issues related to vital sign measurement have not been investigated through research. There is currently only limited research related to respiratory rate as a vital sign; however, its value as an indicator of serious illness has not been reliably established. There is only limited research relating to pulse rate measurements. Although routinely used for all hospital patients, the ability to detect serious physiological changes by assessment of pulse rate has not been rigorously evaluated. Many factors were identified that could potentially influence the accuracy of blood pressure measurement. Auscultation is accurate for the measurement of systolic blood pressure using phase I Korotkoff sound as the reference point, and for diastolic pressure if phase V Korotkoff sounds are used. Cuff size can influence accuracy, in that using a cuff that is too narrow will likely overestimate blood pressure and a cuff that is too wide will underestimate the pressure. Research suggests that blood pressure should be measured on the upper arm, while the arm is resting at approximate heart level. Studies have shown that healthcare workers often measure blood pressure in an incorrect and inaccurate way, and this is of some concern. However, a small number of studies suggest that education programs can be effective in improving blood pressure measurement techniques. The largest volume of research identified during this review related to the measurement of temperature. For accurate measurement of oral temperatures the thermometer should be positioned in either the left or right posterior sublingual pocket and remain in the mouth for 6–7 min. Although oxygen therapy and different types of breathing patterns will not influence accuracy of oral temperature measurements, hot or cold liquids will. For the measurement of tympanic temperatures, an ear tug should be used to help straighten the external auditory canal and so ensure measurement accuracy. The presence of impacted cerumen will likely result in inaccurate measurements. The only potential harm as a result of measuring vital signs was associated with glass mercury thermometers, in terms of rectal perforation, the risk of mercury poisoning was not clearly established. Conclusions Although there has been considerable research undertaken on many specific aspects of vital sign measurement, there is an urgent need for further primary research into the more general issues such as what parameters should be measured, the optimal frequency of measurements and the role of new technology in patient monitoring.

Background Vital signs traditionally consist of blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate, and are an important component of monitoring the patient's progress during hospitalisation. An initial search of the literature indicated that there was a vast volume of published information relating to this topic; however, there had been no previous attempt to systematically review this literature. This review was therefore initiated to identify, appraise and summarise the best available evidence relating to the measurement of vital signs in hospital patients. Objectives The objectives of this review were to present the best available information related to the monitoring of patient vital signs with regard to their purpose, limitations, optimal frequency of measurements, and what measures should constitute vital signs. The review also sought to identify additional issues of importance related to the individual parameters of temperature measurement, blood pressure assessment, pulse rate measurement and respiratory rate measurement. Review methods This review considered all studies that related to the objectives and included neonatal, paediatric and/or adult hospital patients. The outcome measures of interest were those related to the accuracy of, required frequency of or the need for vital signs. The review also considered any study addressing some aspect of vital signs measurement to ensure all issues of importance were identified. The search sought to find both published and unpublished studies. Databases searched included CINAHL, Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, Embase and Dissertation Abstracts. The references of all identified studies were examined for additional references. All studies were checked for methodological quality, and data was extracted using a data extraction tool. Results Although a variety of measures may be useful additions to the traditional four vital sign parameters, only pulse oximetry and smoking status have been shown to change patient care and outcomes. There are suggestions that vital sign monitoring has become a routine procedure, but little useful information was identified in regard to the optimal frequency of vital sign measurement. It was noted that many of the important issues related to vital sign measurement have not been investigated through research. There is currently only limited research related to respiratory rate as a vital sign; however, its value as an indicator of serious illness has not been reliably established. There is only limited research relating to pulse rate measurements. Although routinely used for all hospital patients, the ability to detect serious physiological changes by assessment of pulse rate has not been rigorously evaluated. Many factors were identified that could potentially influence the accuracy of blood pressure measurement. Auscultation is accurate for the measurement of systolic blood pressure using phase I Korotkoff sound as the reference point, and for diastolic pressure if phase V Korotkoff sounds are used. Cuff size can influence accuracy, in that using a cuff that is too narrow will likely overestimate blood pressure and a cuff that is too wide will underestimate the pressure. Research suggests that blood pressure should be measured on the upper arm, while the arm is resting at approximate heart level. Studies have shown that healthcare workers often measure blood pressure in an incorrect and inaccurate way, and this is of some concern. However, a small number of studies suggest that education programs can be effective in improving blood pressure measurement techniques. The largest volume of research identified during this review related to the measurement of temperature. For accurate measurement of oral temperatures the thermometer should be positioned in either the left or right posterior sublingual pocket and remain in the mouth for 6–7 min. Although oxygen therapy and different types of breathing patterns will not influence accuracy of oral temperature measurements, hot or cold liquids will. For the measurement of tympanic temperatures, an ear tug should be used to help straighten the external auditory canal and so ensure measurement accuracy. The presence of impacted cerumen will likely result in inaccurate measurements. The only potential harm as a result of measuring vital signs was associated with glass mercury thermometers, in terms of rectal perforation, the risk of mercury poisoning was not clearly established. Conclusions Although there has been considerable research undertaken on many specific aspects of vital sign measurement, there is an urgent need for further primary research into the more general issues such as what parameters should be measured, the optimal frequency of measurements and the role of new technology in patient monitoring.

Executive summaryBackground Vital signs traditionally consist of blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate, and are an important component of monitoring the patient’s progress during hospitalisation. An initial search of the literature indicated that there was a vast volume of published information relating to this topic; however, there had been no previous attempt to systematically review this literature. This review was therefore initiated to identify, appraise and summarise the best available evidence relating to the measurement of vital signs in hospital patients.Objectives The objectives of this review were to present the best available information related to the monitoring of patient vital signs with regard to their purpose, limitations, optimal frequency of measurements, and what measures should constitute vital signs. The review also sought to identify additional issues of importance related to the individual parameters of temperature measurement, blood pressure assessment, pulse rate measurement and respiratory rate measurement.Review methods This review considered all studies that related to the objectives and included neonatal, paediatric and/or adult hospital patients. The outcome measures of interest were those related to the accuracy of, required frequency of or the need for vital signs. The review also considered any study addressing some aspect of vital signs measurement to ensure all issues of importance were identified. The search sought to find both published and unpublished studies. Databases searched included CINAHL, Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, Embase and Dissertation Abstracts. The references of all identified studies were examined for additional references. All studies were checked for methodological quality, and data was extracted using a data extraction tool.Results Although a variety of measures may be useful additions to the traditional four vital sign parameters, only pulse oximetry and smoking status have been shown to change patient care and outcomes. There are suggestions that vital sign monitoring has become a routine procedure, but little useful information was identified in regard to the optimal frequency of vital sign measurement. It was noted that many of the important issues related to vital sign measurement have not been investigated through research.There is currently only limited research related to respiratory rate as a vital sign; however, its value as an indicator of serious illness has not been reliably established. There is only limited research relating to pulse rate measurements. Although routinely used for all hospital patients, the ability to detect serious physiological changes by assessment of pulse rate has not been rigorously evaluated. Many factors were identified that could potentially influence the accuracy of blood pressure measurement. Auscultation is accurate for the measurement of systolic blood pressure using phase I Korotkoff sound as the reference point, and for diastolic pressure if phase V Korotkoff sounds are used. Cuff size can influence accuracy, in that using a cuff that is too narrow will likely overestimate blood pressure and a cuff that is too wide will underestimate the pressure. Research suggests that blood pressure should be measured on the upper arm, while the arm is resting at approximate heart level. Studies have shown that healthcare workers often measure blood pressure in an incorrect and inaccurate way, and this is of some concern. However, a small number of studies suggest that education programs can be effective in improving blood pressure measurement techniques. The largest volume of research identified during this review related to the measurement of temperature. For accurate measurement of oral temperatures the thermometer should be positioned in either the left or right posterior sublingual pocket and remain in the mouth for 6–7 min. Although oxygen therapy and different types of breathing patterns will not influence accuracy of oral temperature measurements, hot or cold liquids will. For the measurement of tympanic temperatures, an ear tug should be used to help straighten the external auditory canal and so ensure measurement accuracy. The presence of impacted cerumen will likely result in inaccurate measurements. The only potential harm as a result of measuring vital signs was associated with glass mercury thermometers, in terms of rectal perforation, the risk of mercury poisoning was not clearly established.Conclusions Although there has been considerable research undertaken on many specific aspects of vital sign measurement, there is an urgent need for further primary research into the more general issues such as what parameters should be measured, the optimal frequency of measurements and the role of new technology in patient monitoring.

Our article is devoted to the study of the state of the cardiovascular system in female students after the use of different doses of caffeine. Drinking 200 mg of coffee leads to a significant increase in heart rhythm and diastolic blood pressure in girls. The maximum values of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure are reached 1 hour after caffeine intake. Thus, in this case, reported is an increase in the heart rhythm by 12.7% (P ˂ 0.05), a rise in the high blood pressure by 8.8% and that in the low blood pressure level by 12.0% (P ˂ 0.05), as compared to the respective initial values thereof. After drinking 100 mg of coffee, there are no significant changes in the indicators of the cardiovascular system performance recorded: an increase in the heart rate after 1 hour has been reported to be 9.5%, a rise in the systolic blood pressure (BPs) has reached 5.0% and that in the diastolic one (BPd) 6.4%, as compared with the values of the reference group. The use of different doses of caffeine does not lead to significant changes in the duration of the waves and segments on the electrocardiogram. 3 and 6 hours after drinking coffee, the indicators of the cardiovascular system are gradually decreasing, approaching their respective initial values.

Quantifying physiological vital sign differences in newborns from 34+0/7&amp;nbsp;weeks of gestation and establishment of vital sign reference ranges for the late preterm population

The thyroid gland act for increase its secretion lead to high level of hormone in serum, acceleration metabolic activity in the body. Through the dental clinic evaluation of systemic disease medical history or hyperthyroidism before treatment. The local anesthesia in dental clinic used Mepivacaine Hydrochloride 3% due to the adrenaline is contra indicated and felypressin do not safe. The objective of study to examine the safety of plain anesthesia in dental clinic for hyperthyroidism patients on blood pressure, the heart rate and pulmonary function after taken local anesthesia. Study done for (51) hyperthyroidism female patients which divided in to two groups depend on age young, group I (20-29) years and group II (30-39) years. Then can be exam blood pressure, heart rate, lung function test and O2 transport before given the local anesthesia (plain anesthesia) and repeated the same parameter after given the local anesthesia. the heart rate systolic pressure for hyperthyroidism patients higher than normal while the diastolic pressure within normal value and there is a statistically no significant change P ≥ 0.05 for the parameters (systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, O2 transport and lung function test FVC(forced vital capacity), FEV1(forced expiratory volume), FEV1/FVC). The study improve the plain local anesthesia (Mepivacaine Hydrochloride 3%) for the hyperthyroidism patients the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, the heart rate and the pulmonary function, do not effected after taking anesthesia that lead the dental treatment can done without complication.