Abstract
The use of probiotics in sows during pregnancy and lactation and their impact on the quality of colostrum and milk, as well as the health conditions of their offspring during the rearing period, are currently gaining the attention of researchers. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Bokashi formulation on the concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the serum of sows during pregnancy, in their colostrum and milk, and in a culture of Con-A-stimulated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) isolated from the colostrum. The study was conducted on 60 sows aged 2–4 years. EM Bokashi were added to the sows’ feed. The material for the study consisted of peripheral blood, colostrum, and milk. Blood samples were collected from the sows on days 60 and 114 of gestation. Colostrum and milk samples were collected from all sows at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after parturition. The results indicate that the use of Bokashi as feed additives resulted in increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, which increase the protective capacity of the colostrum by stimulating cellular immune mechanisms protecting the sow and neonates against infection. At the same time, the increased concentrations of cytokines IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, and of immunoglobulins in the colostrum and milk from sows in the experimental group demonstrate the immunoregulatory effect of Bokashi on Th2 cells and may lead to increased expression of regulatory T cells and polarization of the immune response from Th1 to Th2.
Highlights
Newborn piglets in the initial period of life are exposed to various microbes colonizing their external environment [1]
Jang et al [14] showed that the use of probiotics as feed additives for sows stimulates IgG synthesis and increases the concentration of this immunoglobulin in the colostrum and in the serum of piglets
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Bokashi formulation on the concentrations of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in the serum of sows during pregnancy, in their colostrum and milk, and in a culture of Con-Astimulated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) isolated from the colostrum
Summary
Newborn piglets in the initial period of life are exposed to various microbes colonizing their external environment [1]. The high mortality of piglets during this period is most often linked to diarrhea caused by infections with enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., rotaviruses, coronaviruses, and protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium [2]. During this period, the immune potential of piglets to infections is primarily built up by means of passive immunization involving the colostrum, which. Jang et al [14] showed that the use of probiotics as feed additives for sows stimulates IgG synthesis and increases the concentration of this immunoglobulin in the colostrum and in the serum of piglets. What is most important is the beneficial effect of probiotics on performance indicators, including increased litter size, litter weight, the quantity of milk produced, and the quality of its composition [17,18,19]
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