Abstract
In this work, a blend of Ti, Nb, and Mn powders, with a nominal composition of 15 wt.% of Mn, and balanced Ti and Nb wt.%, was selected to be mechanically alloyed by the following two alternative high-energy milling devices: a vibratory 8000D mixer/mill® and a PM400 Retsch® planetary ball mill. Two ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) conditions (10:1 and 20:1) were applied, to study the evolution of the synthesized phases under each of the two mechanical alloying conditions. The main findings observed include the following: (1) the sequence conversion evolved from raw elements to a transitory bcc-TiNbMn alloy, and subsequently to an fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy, independent of the milling conditions; (2) the total full conversion to the fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy was only reached by the planetary mill at a minimum of 12 h of milling time, for either of the BPR employed; (3) the planetary mill produced a non-negligible Fe contamination from the milling media, when the highest BPR and milling time were applied; and (4) the final fcc-TiNb15Mn alloy synthesized presents a nanocrystalline nature and a partial degree of amorphization.
Highlights
Titanium and its alloys are widely used for diverse applications, such as aerospace, architecture, medicine, chemical processing, power generation, marine and offshore sports equipment, and transportation [1]
Mixer/mill® (SP10_6h), exhibited only the diffraction peaks of the corresponding raw powders, as follows: Ti, Nb, and Mn
Under the same milling conditions, powders that were milled in the planetary mill (PL10_6h) showed diffraction peaks that do not correspond to the raw materials (Ti, Nb, and Mn), and that could be assigned to face cubic-centered (Fm3m of space group symmetry (SGS)) and body cubic-centered (Im3m of SGS) phases
Summary
Titanium and its alloys are widely used for diverse applications, such as aerospace, architecture, medicine, chemical processing, power generation, marine and offshore sports equipment, and transportation [1]. Their low density, high mechanical strength, and high resistance to corrosion make them interesting for these fields [2]. Ti alloys are mainly used due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, excellent galvanic compatibility with polymer matrix composites, their stability at high temperatures, and their fatigue strength [4] They are often employed in parts for turbine engine, airframe structures, wing boxes, bulkheads, and in numerous other aerospace applications. For aerospace applications, several of the main problems are associated with the high cost, the challenging machinability, the difficulties encountered in the cold forming, and the fluctuating product availability [5,6]
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