Effect of Medium Composition and Culture Conditions on the In Vitro Multiplication, Rooting and Acclimatization of Helleborus ‘Molly’s White’ and ‘Anna’s Red’

The success in micropropagation of Dendrobium phalaenopsis Deang Suree is high, but when transplanted into the greenhouse, their survival is minimal. To increase survival in production in the present study it was evaluated the effect of intermediate acclimatization for 30 days in a grow room utilizing the following luminosity conditions: 1- white fluorescent light (B) (18.9µmol m-2 s-1); 2- white fluorescent light + red fluorescent light (GRO-LUX(r)) (BV) (14.85µmol m-2 s-1); 3- red fluorescent light (GRO-LUX(r)) (V) (9.45µmol m-2 s-1) and the control plants were accommodated directly in a greenhouse (162.0µmol m-2 s-1). After this the leaves were characterized anatomically and the plants transferred to the control greenhouse. It was evaluated survival percentage and final number of roots, and calculated the relations between the final and initial values of fresh weight, number of leaves, length and diameter of the largest pseudo bulb, number of pseudo bulbs and longest root length. Only plants submitted to red light, were statistically better than the control in relation to the survival percentage and in relation to fresh weight, while the control showed a higher number of roots that plants acclimatized in this luminosity conditions. Intermediate acclimatization, using red light or red + white light, is recommended for D. phalaenopsis Deang Suree.

INFLUENCE, RÉVERSIBLE PAR LA LUMIÈRE ROUGE‐CLAIR, DE COURTS ÉCLAIREMENTS ROUGE‐FONCÉ A LA FIN DE LA PHOTOPÉRIODE, SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LA TENEUR EN CHLOROPHYLLES DE <i>MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA</i> L

Using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and physiological behaviors of “Manicure Finger” grape plantlets grown in vitro under white, blue, green, and red light. A total of 670, 1601, and 746 DEGs were identified in plants exposed to blue, green, and red light, respectively, compared to the control (white light). By comparing the gene expression patterns with the growth and physiological responses of the grape plantlets, we were able to link the responses of the plants to light of different spectral wavelengths and the expression of particular sets of genes. Exposure to red and green light primarily triggered responses associated with the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), such as enhanced elongation of stems, reduced investment in leaf growth, and decreased chlorophyll levels accompanied by the expression of genes encoding histone H3, auxin repressed protein, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, the ELIP protein, and microtubule proteins. Furthermore, specific light treatments were associated with the expression of a large number of genes, including those involved in the glucan metabolic pathway and the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways; these genes were up/down-regulated in ways that may explain the increase in the starch, sucrose, and total sugar contents in the plants. Moreover, the enhanced root growth and up-regulation of the expression of defense genes accompanied with SAS after exposure to red and green light may be related to the addition of 30 g/L sucrose to the culture medium of plantlets grown in vitro. In contrast, blue light induced the up-regulation of genes related to microtubules, serine carboxypeptidase, chlorophyll synthesis, and sugar degradation and the down-regulation of auxin-repressed protein as well as a large number of resistance-related genes that may promote leaf growth, improve chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development, increase the ratio of chlorophyll a (chla)/chlorophyll b (chlb), and decrease the ratio of carbohydrates to proteins in plants. Although exposure to red and green light seems to impose “shade stress” on the plantlets, growth under blue light is comparable to growth observed under white or broad-spectrum light.

RESUMO: Dendrobium phalaenopsis é uma orquídea ornamental que apresenta boa porcentagem de germinação e desenvolvimento em meio assimbiótico. Entretanto, a sua aclimatização ex vitro ainda requer estudos, pois, muitas vezes ocasiona a desidratação das plantas, prejudicando seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, estudar o efeito conjunto do período de imersão de plantas D. phalaenopsis em água destilada e de duas condições de luminosidade em sua aclimatização intermediária. Plantas foram dividas em conjuntos de 40, sendo submetidos à imersão em água por 0; 12; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72 ou 84 horas. Após cada período de imersão as plantas foram transplantadas para recipientes contendo o substrato de plantio e posteriormente alocadas em sala de crescimento para a aclimatização intermediária por 30 dias, sendo que, um conjunto de 20 plantas de cada período (incluindo o controle) permaneceu sob luz fluorescente branca (18,9 µmol/m2/s) e as outras 20 plantas, permaneceram sob luz fluorescente branca + luz fluorescente vermelha (14,85 µmol/m2/s). Na sequência, foram submetidas à aclimatização definitiva em viveiro telado (162,0 µmol/m2/s) por 10 meses. À medida que o tempo de imersão aumentou houve decréscimo nas relações de massa fresca e comprimento de pseudobulbos e no número de raízes das plantas cultivadas sob luz branca + luz vermelha, enquanto que as plantas cultivadas sob luz branca não apresentaram resposta diferenciada em relação ao tempo de imersão. A imersão em água destilada independentemente da condição de luminosidade não é recomendada para D. phalaenopsis.

Der Einfluß von Licht verschiedener Wellenlänge auf die Akkumulation und den Umsatz von Anthocyan-3-monoglucosiden in isolierten Petalen von Petunia hybrida

Changes in the Polyadenylated RNA from Wolffia arrhiza Continuously Illuminated with White, Blue or Red Light

ABSTRACTAlthough the spectral quality of light in the ocean varies considerably with depth, the effect of light quality on different physiological processes in marine phytoplankton remains largely unknown. In cases where experiments are performed under full spectral irradiance, the meaning of these experiments in situ is thus unclear. In this study, we determined whether variations in spectral quality affected the sinking rates of marine diatoms. Semicontinuous batch cultures of Thalassiosira weissflogii (Gru.) Fryxell et Hasle and Ditylum brightwellii (t. West) Grunow in Van Huerk were grown under continuous red, white, or blue light. For T. weissflogii, sinking rates (SETCOL method) were twice as high (∼0.2 m·d−1)for cells grown under red light as for cells grown under white or blue light (∼0.08 m·d−1), but there were no significant differences in carbohydrate content (∼105 fg·μm−3) or silica content (∼ 17 fg·μ−3) to account for the difference in sinking rates. Thalassiosira weissflogii grown under blue light was significantly smaller (495 μm3) than cells grown under red light (661 μm3), which could contribute to its reduced sinking rate. However, cells grown under white light were similar in size to those grown under red light but had sinking rates not different from those of cells grown under blue light, indicating the involvement of factors other than size. There were no significant differences in sinking rate (∼0.054 m·d−1) or silica content (∼20 fg·μm−3) in D. brightwellii grown under red, white, or blue light, but cells grown under red light were significantly (20%) larger and contained significantly (20%) more carbohydrate per μm3 than cells grown under white or blue light. Spectral quality had no consistent effect on sinking rate, biochemical composition (carbohydrate or silica content), or cell volume in the two diatoms studied. The similarity in sinking rate of cells grown under white light compared to those grown under blue light supports the ecological validity of sinking rate studies done under white light.

The influence of red and blue light wavelengths was tested to improve the initial in vitro multiplication of apple ( Malus × domestica) rootstock cultivars Budagovsky 9 (B.9), Geneva 30 (G.30), and Geneva 41 (G.41). Single-node segments were established in semisolid Murashige and Skoog media and then transferred to proliferation media and cultured 40 days under white, red, or blue light irradiance. In a second experiment, G.30 was cultured under red, blue, or white light with and without gibberellic acid (GA 3 ). The three rootstocks responded similarly under white light in terms of shoot number, length of the longest shoot, and the number of elongated shoots. Red light increased the number of shoots, length of the longest shoot, and the number of elongated shoots of B.9 and G.30 when compared with white or blue light. Red light increased the number of elongated B.9 and G.30 shoots to five per explant compared with one per explant under white light. In contrast, shoot growth of G.41 showed no difference under the three light quality treatments, and the number of elongated shoots per explant was less than one. When compared with an absence of GA 3, a concentration of GA 3 at 0.5 mg·L −1 promoted in vitro shoot growth of G.30 under red and blue light.

Exposing broiler eggs to green, red and white light during incubation

Underwater power compensated white light source based on synthetic white laser

Dendrobium phalaenopsis Deang Suree has good germination and development in asymbiotic culture medium, however his ex vitro adaptation still requires studies, because it causes dehydration of plants, delay their growth and development. The objective of this work was to study the combined effect of the immersion time in distilled water plant and two luminosity conditions in the treatment of intermediate acclimatization to D. phalaenopsis . Plants were divided into sets of 40, being subjected to immersion for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 or 84 hours. After each immersion period the plants were transferred for containers containing the substrate planting and later allocated in growth room for intermediate acclimatization for 30 days. A set of 20 plants from each period of immersion and from the control remained under white fluorescent light (18.9 µmol m -2 s -1 ) and the other 20 plants remained under white fluorescent light + red fluorescent light (14.85 µmol m -2 s -1 ). After this period, the plants were subjected to acclimatization in greenhouse for 10 months. While immersion time increased the increments of fresh weight, pseudobulbs number and the roots number of plants grown under white light + red light decreased, while plants grown under white light did not show response with respect to immersion time. Absence of immersion in distilled water independently of luminosity condition is beneficial to plants of D. phalaenopsis Deang Suree.

The Effects of Red and White Light During the Prebreeder and Breeder Periods on Egg Production and Feed Consumption in Large White Turkeys

SUMMARYThe influence of red, blue, green, and white light on growth and photosynthetic rates, carbon metabolism, and rates of release of extracellular compounds in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard was examined. Relative growth constants were 0.28, 0.32, 0.40, and 0.41 in green, white, blue, and red light, respectively. Photosynthetic rates were higher in white, blue, or red than in green light of the same intensity.More than 66% of the 14CO2 assimilated by cells grown under blue or green light was incorporated into the ethanol‐insoluble fraction, compared with about 50% in cells grown under white or red light. The percentage of sugars in this fraction was significantly higher in cells grown under green or red light than in cells cultured in white or blue light, while the percentage of proteins was highest in blue light. Light quality also influenced the composition of the ethanol‐soluble fraction. The percentage of organic acids was highest in cells grown in green and white light, while amino acids were highest in blue and green cultures. The percentage of ethanol‐soluble sugars was greatest in cultures grown in blue and red light.The percentage release of dissolved organic carbon into the medium was highest in white light and lowest in blue or red light. The nature of the extracellular products varied according to the quality of light under which the cells were cultured, but had no consistent relation to the nature or concentration or components in the ethanol‐soluble fraction.

Sesamin is a major lignan constituent of sesame seeds and beneficial to human health. We previously reported that sesamin is contained in leaves as well as seeds of sesame and proposed that sesame leaves could be a new sesamin source. Growth and constituents of plants are affected by light wavelength. In this study, growth and leaf sesamin content of sesame variety ‘Gomazou’ were investigated in plants grown under continuous white fluorescent and monochromatic red or blue light emitting diode (LED) light. Under red LED light, plants developed pale-green, epinastic leaves. Compared with white fluorescent light, red LED light promoted stem elongation 1–3 weeks after sowing but retarded it 3–5 weeks after sowing. Under blue LED light, plants exhibited interveinal necrosis in the leaf blades and excessive stem elongation occurred irrespective of plant age. Leaf yields were lower in plants grown under red and blue LED lights relative to those under white fluorescent light. Blue LED light increased leaf sesamin content by 2.0 and 4.5 times compared with white fluorescent and red LED lights, respectively. From these results, we concluded that blue (LED) light may be effective at producing sesamin-rich leaves if the unfavorable morphological changes and reduction in growth can be prevented.

The Effects of Intensity, Spectral Purity, and Duty Cycle on Red-Light Induced Hyperopia in Tree Shrews