Effect of liraglutide on subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with type 1 diabetes: A prospective pilot study.

Medical nutrition therapy is important for diabetes management. This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of a diabetes-specific formula (DSF) on glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Participants (n = 235) were randomized to either DSF with standard of care (SOC) (DSF group; n = 117) or SOC only (control group; n = 118). The DSF group consumed one or two DSF servings daily as meal replacement or partial meal replacement. The assessments were done at baseline, on day 45, and on day 90. There were significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (-0.44% vs. -0.26%, p = 0.015, at day 45; -0.50% vs. -0.21%, p = 0.002, at day 90) and fasting blood glucose (-0.14 mmol/L vs. +0.32 mmol/L, p = 0.036, at day 90), as well as twofold greater weight loss (-1.30 kg vs. -0.61 kg, p < 0.001, at day 45; -1.74 kg vs. -0.76 kg, p < 0.001, at day 90) in the DSF group compared with the control group. The decrease in percent body fat and increase in percent fat-free mass at day 90 in the DSF group were almost twice that of the control group (1.44% vs. 0.79%, p = 0.047). In addition, the percent change in visceral adipose tissue at day 90 in the DSF group was several-fold lower than in the control group (-6.52% vs. -0.95%, p < 0.001). The DSF group also showed smaller waist and hip circumferences, and lower diastolic blood pressure than the control group (all overall p ≤ 0.045). DSF with SOC yielded significantly greater improvements than only SOC in glycemic control, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with T2D.

Relationship between the plasma acylcarnitine profile and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases

BackgroundFood insecurity is a public health concern that affects health and quality of life, but its association with cardiometabolic risk is not well established. Thus, this systematic review evaluated the association between food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults and the elderly.MethodsSearch was conducted according to the PRISMA protocol using Scielo, LILACS and PubMed databases. We included original articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, which assessed the association between food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults and the elderly. The search identified 877 articles but only 11 were included in the review.ResultsFood insecurity was directly associated with cardiometabolic risk (excess weight, hypertension, dyslipidemias, diabetes, and stress) after adjusting for interfering factors. A limitation of the cross-sectional study design is that the cause-effect relation between food insecurity and cardiometabolic risk cannot be established.ConclusionsWe conclude that food insecurity has a direct relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors, especially excess weight, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The identification of food insecurity as health problems can contribute to the implementation of efficient public policies for the prevention and control of chronic diseases.Protocol registrationThis review was registered on PROSPERO-International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews – CRD4201911549.

Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and symptoms associated with both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, those with ACOS have worse health outcomes than those with asthma or COPD alone. Regular physical activity may be important in the management of ACOS and the prevention of cardiometabolic comorbidities. PURPOSE: To investigate the association between physical activity and the presence of ACOS, and second, to investigate the association between physical activity levels and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in adults with ACOS aged 45 years and older. METHODS: The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) is a cross sectional survey that collects information pertaining to the health determinants, health care utilization, and health status of Canadians. Data from respondents with ACOS (n= 1,569) and those without a respiratory condition (n= 64,175) from CCHS version 1.0, 2013 were analyzed. Self-reported physical activity was used to categorize respondents as active or inactive. Self-perceived health, body mass index and physician-diagnosed high blood pressure were used as outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the frequencies of outcomes (physical activity level, self-perceived health, high blood pressure, and BMI) within the ACOS and no respiratory disease groups. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between physical activity and ACOS, and between physical activity levels and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in ACOS. RESULTS: Those with ACOS were 59% less likely to be physically active than those without a respiratory condition (OR = 0.59, CI = 0.50-0.71). Physically active adults with ACOS had higher odds of good self-perceived health (OR = 2.66, CI = 1.71-4.16), and were 60% less likely to report high blood pressure (OR = 0.60, CI = 0.43-0.86) than those who were inactive. BMI seemed to be an important correlate for self-perceived health, and high blood pressure, but was not significant when used as an outcome. CONCLUSION: Physical activity levels among adults with ACOS are low. This may increase their risk for poor health outcomes. Future research is needed to determine the effectiveness of exercise within this population.

Response

In this study we examined the combined association of physical activity and sitting time with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults in Chile. This is a cross-sectional study based on 3201 adults aged from 18 to 98 years from the Chilean National Health Survey (2016–2017) who responded to the GPAQ questionnaire. Participants were considered inactive if spent < 600 METs-min/wk−1 in physical activity. High sitting time was defined as ≥ 8 h/day. We classified participants into the following 4 groups: active and low sitting time; active and high sitting time; inactive and low sitting time; inactive and high sitting time. The cardiometabolic risk factors considered were metabolic syndrome, body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed. Overall, 16.1% were classified as inactive and high sitting time. Compared to active participants with low sitting time, both inactive participants with low (OR: 1.51; 95% CI 1.10, 1.92) and high sitting time (1.66; 1.10, 2.22) had higher body mass index. Similar results were found for high waist circumference: inactive participants with low (1.57; 1.14, 2.00) and high sitting time (1.84; 1.25, 2.43). We found no combined association of physical activity and sitting time with metabolic syndrome, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. These findings may be useful to inform programs focused on obesity prevention in Chile.

Exploring body composition ratios and their relation to cardiometabolic disease risk factors in adults with varying body mass index categories.

According to the available evidence, soy milk consumption can provide favorable effects on blood pressure, some lipid profile parameters and certain anthropometric and inflammatory markers as compared with a control group. It seems, soy milk consumption is an appropriate strategy to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, further research is recommended to shed light on these findings. • Soy milk contains essential mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids which can exert favorable effects on the cardiovascular health. • The current study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential effects of soy milk consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults. • The quantitative meta -analysis demonstrated that soy milk consumption significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Soy milk contains some beneficial components such as isoflavones which can exert favorable effects on the cardiovascular health. The current study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential effects of soy milk consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors in adults. Relevant articles published up to June 2020 were systematically retrieved from SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. In our study, we included all the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the impact of soy milk consumption on various cardiometabolic risk factors in adults (age ≥ 18 years). A meta -analysis of the eligible studies was performed using the random-effects model. The quantitative meta -analysis of 18 eligible RCTs (665 participants, age range 18–65 years) demonstrated that the consumption of soy milk significantly reduced systolic (P < 0.001) and diastolic (P = 0.002) blood pressure, total (P = 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.041) cholesterol, waist circumference (P = 0.005), C-reactive protein (P < 0.001), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P = 0.016). Significant between-study heterogeneity was found for the pooled effect sizes of blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, the subgroup analyses indicated that the decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was more pronounced when soy milk was consumed for ≤ 4 weeks. However, there were no significant differences between soy milk and control groups for the other factors, namely body weight, body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and fasting insulin, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen. The current systematic review and meta -analysis revealed that incorporating soy milk into the diet might favorably affect several cardiometabolic risk factors in both healthy and unhealthy individuals.

Normal weight obesity (NWO) is a new emerging phenotype of obesity, defined as a normal body mass index with a high body fat percentage. While several studies have described the impact of NWO on cardiometabolic risk factors, the association between them remains uncertain. This meta-analysis systematically evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with NWO compared to adults with normal weight lean (NWL). A systematic literature search was performed from the inception until September 21, 2021 in order to comprehensively search for all observational studies that had three important variables, including adults (age ≥18 years old), NWO and cardiometabolic risk factors including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia or all laboratory findings related to cardiometabolic risk factors. Twenty-four cross-sectional studies with a total of 75 201 subjects are included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Overall, older age and female sex are more likely in NWO population. Compared to NWL, NWO is significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (OR=2.24 [1.74, 2.89]; p < .001; I2 = 76%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001), hypertension (OR=1.60[1.36, 1.89]; p < .001; I2 = 76%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.72[1.54, 1.92]; p < .001; I2 = 47%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001), dyslipidaemia (OR=1.50 [1.03, 2.18]; p =.03; I2 = 94%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001) and other laboratory findings, except for C-reactive protein in both sexes group; and adiponectin levels in female group. Our meta-analysis showed that NWO was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Thus, the traditional definition of obesity using the BMI criteria should be challenged, as those with NWO might still be exposed to a heightened risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Nonetheless, further prospective cohort studies are needed better to understand this syndrome.

Effects of Liraglutide 3.0 mg and 1.8 mg on Body Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): The SCALE Diabetes Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 56-Week Trial

Egg Consumption in the Context of Plant-Based Diets and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Effect of a high-egg diet on cardiometabolic risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Egg (DIABEGG) Study—randomized weight-loss and follow-up phase

Background Despite dietary cholesterol not being considered a nutrient of concern, dietary guidelines still recommend that people with elevated LDL cholesterol limit their intake of egg yolks. Objective We examined the effects of the daily consumption of eggs in the context of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet for 8 weeks on cardio-metabolic risk factors in adults with hyperlipidemia. Methods The study was a randomized, controlled, single-blind, crossover trial involving 45 adults (mean age 59.5 years; 35 females, 10 males; 42 Caucasian, two African American, one Asian) with hyperlipidemia. Participants were randomly allocated to one of the two possible sequence permutations of two treatments: the DASH diet with eggs (I) and the DASH without eggs (C). There was a 4-week run-in phase before treatments and an 8-week washout period between treatments. Participants received menus and guidance from the study dietitian on adhering to the DASH diet. They also received advice to exclude or include two whole eggs daily for 8 weeks in their DASH diet while displacing other foods based on instructions to maintain an isocaloric intake. Primary outcome measures were LDL cholesterol and endothelial function assessed as flow-mediated dilation. Secondary outcome measures included insulin sensitivity, other lipids, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and dietary intake. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results Daily addition of eggs to the DASH (ΔI) compared with DASH without eggs (ΔC) did not negatively affect endothelial function (ΔI: 2.7 ± 10.8% versus ΔC: 3.7 ± 19.9% versus ΔI − ΔC = −1.1, p = 0.767) or LDL cholesterol (ΔI: 13.0 ± 23.5 mg/dL versus ΔC: 8.9 ± 19.6 mg/dL; ΔI − Δ C = 4.2, p = 0.317). The DASH diet with eggs compared with the DASH without eggs relatively increased the consumption of choline (ΔI: −29.6 ± 136.8 mg/d versus ΔC: −148.2 ± 146.3 mg/d; ΔI − Δ C = 118.6, p = 0.002) while the intake of carbohydrates decreased (ΔI: −26.4 ± 327.3 kcal/d versus ΔC: 147.7 ± 282.3 kcal/d; ΔI − ΔC = −174.1, p = 0.032). Compared with DASH diet without eggs, the addition of 2 eggs per day in the DASH did not impact other cardio-metabolic risk factors (blood pressure, other lipid profiles, CRP, and glycemic control). Conclusions In adults with hyperlipidemia, daily egg consumption as part of a heart-healthy diet did not compromise cardio-metabolic health indicators. Clinical trial registration number https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05807334.

Aerobic fitness, Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults

Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Qatar, 24% of the total deaths are attributed to CVDs. Several nutritional disturbances have been linked to high risk of CVD. Many studies have discussed the effects of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on CMR factors; however, evidence has been controversial. This investigated the association between CMR factors and the status of Zn, Cu, and Zn/Cu ratio. A total of 575 Qatari adults (≥18 years) were obtained from Qatar Biobank. Plasma levels of Zn and Cu were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Anthropometric data and CMR factors were determined using standard methods. Adjusted associations between minerals and CMR were estimated by logistic regression. The associations’ strength was tested using partial correlation. Zn was not strongly correlated (p-value˃0.01) or significantly associated with CMR factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Cu levels correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (0.23; p˂0.001), pulse rate (PR) (0.18; p˂0.001), total cholesterol (0.13; p=0.01), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (0.27; p˂0.001); and negatively with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−0.13; p=0.01). High Cu significantly decreased the risk of MetS (0.121; p˂0.001). Furthermore, Zn/Cu ratio positively correlated with waist circumference (0.13; p=0.01), systolic blood pressure (0.13; p˂0.01), and DBP (0.14; p˂0.01); and negatively with BMI (−0.19; p˂0.001), PR (−0.17; p˂0.001), and HDL (−0.27; p˂0.001). High Zn/Cu ratio increased the prevalence of low HDL (4.508; p˂0.001) and MetS (5.570; p˂0.01). These findings suggest that high Cu levels are associated with a protective effect on DBP, HDL, and MetS and that high plasma Zn/Cu ratio is associated with the risk of low HDL and MetS. We recommend future studies to focus on minerals status among abdominally obese and prediabetic subjects because of the probable link between low serum Zn and Cu and insulin resistance and CVD.