Abstract
This paper is focused on affective and cognitive disorders induced by direct exposure to lead chloride (Pb) and the possible implication of oxidative stress in male WISTAR rats. Using stereotaxic surgery, a group of male wistar rats received an intracerebral injection of 3 μL of lead chloride (1 mg / L) into the right hippocampus or 3 μL of 0.9% Nacl for shame operated controls groups. After 4 days of rest, a series of benchmark neurobehavioral tests were made to evaluate affective and cognitive behaviors, such as open field test (OFT) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiety like behavior; Forced swim test (FST) for depressive like behavior; finally Y maze (Y-Maze) and Morris maze (MWM) tests for working memory, spatial learning and spatial memory. The data showed that Pb induces anxiogenic and depressogenic effects but does not induce a significant effect in memory. Then by measuring oxidative stress markers using the hippocampal assay of lead-treated rats, it’s appears that Pb can increase nitrogen monoxide, lipid peroxidation and reduces significantly the activity of superoxide dismutase. Therefore, our results showed that Pb is able to induce affective disorders and increase highly oxidative stress but has an insignificant effect on cognitive impairment.
Highlights
Affective and cognitive disorders are one of the main causes of social disability in the world, they are part of the most famous range of mental disorders and they have a high prevalence and represent a considerable global burden in terms of suffering and suffering
It is shown that in the Forced swim test (FST), lead strongly induce a depressogenic effect under these conditions and our results are in agreement with the current scientific literature as well as other studies, depressive behavior was detected in FST following early and chronic exposure to Pb in female wistar rats following administration by gavage to mother rats with Pb acetate, during pregnancy and lactation at levels of approximately 5μg / dl of Pb in residual blood[28]
Pb induces a significant decrease in Time spent in central area (TCA) and NVC parameters in the open field test (OFT) test. induces a reduction in the entries in the open arms (EOA) and time spent in open arms (TOA) parameters in the Elevated plus maze (EPM) test in the group of male rats treated with Pb, It can be concluded in these circumstances that Pb exerts an anxiogenic effect
Summary
Affective and cognitive disorders are one of the main causes of social disability in the world, they are part of the most famous range of mental disorders and they have a high prevalence and represent a considerable global burden in terms of suffering and suffering. In 2002, WHO stated that out of 450 million people in the world suffered from neuropsychiatric conditions, 26.9% were depressed and obviously other disorders[1] The sources of these complex pathologies can be caused directly or indirectly by environmental pollution, pollutants such as heavy metals are not excluded. The alterations caused by lead on neurotransmitter systems have been demonstrated in different regions of the brain (nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, septum, etc.) [6]. Based on these considerations, our work is focused on the implication of lead in affective and cognitive disorders in WISTAR rats, by proceeding with an intracerebral injection of 3μl of Pb of 1mg / l (5μmol / l) in the right ventral hippocampus
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