Abstract
Surface pasteurization was examined in combination with low-phenolic antimicrobial extracts derived from liquid smoke to inhibit and prevent the growth of Listeria monocytogenes during the shelf life of ready-to-eat meats. In preliminary trials with retail frankfurters, one smoke derivative (2-min dip) produced a 0.3-log reduction of L. monocytogenes and a 1-min inbag pasteurization (73.9°C) produced a 2.9-log reduction, whereas a combination of the two treatments produced a 5.3-log reduction that resulted in no detectable Listeria by week 3 under accelerated shelf-life conditions (10°C). In trials with frankfurters manufactured without lactate or diacetate that were treated with a shortened 1-s dip, this smoke extract and one with reduced smoke flavor and color both produced a >4.5-log reduction of L. monocytogenes on frankfurters when heated at 73.9°C for 1 min, with no recoverable Listeria detected for 10 weeks when stored at 6.1°C. When deli turkey breast chubs manufactured without lactate, diacetate, or nitrite were treated with a 1-s dip in combination with radiant-heat pasteurization (270°C), growth of L. monocytogenes was retarded but not prevented. However, in a similar study in which smoke extract treatment of deli turkey breast was combined with in-bag postpackage pasteurization (water submersion at 93.3°C), a 60-, 45-, or even 30-s heat treatment resulted in a 2- to 3-log reduction of L. monocytogenes, with no growth on the meat during 10 weeks of storage at 6.1°C. These findings indicate that reduced-acid low-phenolic antimicrobial liquid smoke derivatives combined with surface pasteurization are capable of reducing or preventing growth of L. monocytogenes to meet the criteria for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Alternative 1 process for ready-to-eat deli meat products manufactured without lactate or diacetate.
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