Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the effect of elevated concentrations of copper in the medium on the regeneration of androgenetic embryos of the carrot cultivar ‘Kazan F<sub>1</sub>’ obtained in anther cultures and to determine the level of soluble phenols produced in the regenerates under copper stress. Green embryos were laid out on 4 regeneration media based on B5 medium (G a m b o r g et al. 1968) without hormones, containing 0.1 – control, 1, 10, and 100 μM CuSO<sub>4</sub>×5H<sub>2</sub>O. The plant material was passaged 3 times, after 4, 9 and 15 weeks. During these passages the emerging structures were examined; they were classified in terms of growth and development <i>in vitro</i>, weighed and counted. The levels of soluble phenols in the freeze-dried regenerates were determined. The elevated concentrations of copper in the regeneration media affected positively the formation of complete plants (rooted rosettes) and secondary embryos during the first 4 weeks of culture. After a longer regeneration time (9, 15 weeks), the elevated concentrations of copper caused negative effects: deformation of rosettes. After 15 weeks, the number of rooted rosettes decreased. The 9-week culture subjected to copper stress brought about an increase in the amounts of soluble phenols. The highest values were recorded in the rosettes treated with 10 μM CuSO<sub>4</sub>. Prolonged exposure to media containing elevated concentrations of CuSO<sub>4</sub> caused a reduction in the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the rosettes.
Highlights
Copper belongs to a group of heavy metals; it occurs naturally in trace amounts in the soil
The highest values were recorded in the rosettes treated with 10 μM CuSO4
In liquid media for isolated microspore cultures of barley, increased copper content can initiate the development of green plants in frequently occurring albino lines, thereby strengthening the viability of the plant material obtained in the process of regeneration
Summary
Copper belongs to a group of heavy metals; it occurs naturally in trace amounts in the soil. As a result of the expansive nature of human activity, the natural environment becomes polluted and contaminated with heavy metals, including copper. The accumulation of copper in the soil is caused by over-fertilization of fields, the use of herbicides and pesticides, landfill disposal of municipal solid waste and sewage, and industrial pollution (Gruca - Królikowska and Wacławek , 2006). Copper is a micronutrient essential for normal growth and development of plants. It takes part in many physiological processes; it acts as an important cofactor for many enzymes in the processes of respiration, photosynthesis and the transport of electrons (Yruela , 2005). Copper deficiency in higher plants manifests itself in the activation of morphological changes in the leaves and roots. Symptoms of deficiency appear in the early stages of plant development and are characterized by leaf deformity, chlorosis and even necrosis (Marschner , 1995)
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