Effect of glucose on photoacoustic signals at the wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm in pig blood and intralipid

Abstract

Non-invasive glucose monitoring is one of the most active areas in biomedical research. Various techniques have been developed over the years to meet the clinical requirements of non-invasive monitoring in the physiologically relevant glucose concentration range, but without a breakthrough. This paper used the pulsed photoacoustic (PA) technique to study glucose-induced changes in pig whole blood and 1% Intralipid™ using an Nd : YAG laser with wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm as the optical energy source. Scattering properties of the sample significantly affect the laser-induced pressure waves. Glucose was found to affect both the scattering and the absorption properties of the samples. The results showed an increase of 11.4%/500 mg dl−1 added glucose in the peak-to-peak value of the PA signal in blood at 1064 nm, whereas the corresponding increase was only 1.35%/500 mg dl−1 in 1% Intralipid™. At a wavelength of 532 nm, the glucose increased the peak-to-peak value of the PA signal by 6.0%/500 mg dl−1 added glucose in blood. On the whole, the pulsed PA technique proved to be an efficient tool for the study of glucose-induced changes in blood and tissue phantoms in vitro.