Abstract
Recirculating aquaculture–hydroponic systems were designed to provide an artificial, controlled environment that optimizes the growth of fish (or other aquatic species) and soil-less plants, complete control of water quality, the production schedule and the fish product, while conserving water resources. Nutrients removal such as inorganic nitrogen and phosphate is essential for aquaculture wastewater treatment to protect receiving waters from eutrophication as well as for potential reuse of the treated water. In this study, a prototype of an aquaponic system was built at the Freshwater Hatchery Unit on the University Malaysia Terengganu campus. The system consists of a fish culture tank, hydroponic trough, sump, sand filter and water holding tank. Hydroponic troughs were planted with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) that been used to treat wastewater from an aquaculture system stocked with African catfish. The unplanted hydroponic trough was concurrently run as a control unit. The effect of five differen...
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