Effect of filling gases on the backscatter from contrast microbubbles: theory and in vivo measurements

Abstract

Two surfactant-based contrast agents, ST44 and ST68, were produced according to US Patent # 5,352,436 and filled with either air, C 4F 10 (perfluorobutane) or SF 6 (sulfur hexaflouride). Ten rabbits received IV injections of each agent/gas combination with 5 repetitions of each dose (range: 0.005–0.13 mL/kg). A custom-made 10-MHz cuff transducer was placed around the surgically exposed distal aorta and audio Doppler signals were acquired in vivo. Quantitative in vivo dose responses were calculated off-line using spectral power analysis and compared to a theoretical model of microbubble dissolution and enhancement. For qualitative comparisons, 10 rabbits were imaged pre- and postcontrast administration (dose: 0.1 mL/kg) in gray-scale and colour. All agent/gas combinations produced marked Doppler enhancement with air bubbles enhancing least of all ( p < 0.0001) and ST68-SF 6 best of all (maximum: 27.6 ± 2.04 dB; p < 0.012). There were no significant differences between other agent/gas combinations (0.30 < p < 0.70). Theoretical enhancement was within 1 order of magnitude of the experimental observations ( i.e., deviations of up to 10 dB). The duration of contrast enhancement was 1–2 min for air-filled bubbles, 3–5 min for SF 6-filled bubbles and more than 7 min for C 4F 10-filled bubbles. In conclusion, ST68-SF 6 microbubbles produced most in vivo enhancement of the agent/gas combinations studied. Theory matched the measurements within an order of magnitude.