Effect of extraction method and particle size of plant material on the yield of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from Matricaria chamomilla L. flower

View the growing success of natural products as an alternative to synthetic chemicals. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the valorization of leaves of Mentha pulegium by determining the chemical composition of its essential oil and evaluate in vitro the antioxidant and the anticorrosive activities of its aqueous extract and essential oil. The essential oil revealed 1,8-Cineole (31.9%) followed by piperitone (15.6%), Limonene (14.6%) and β-Pinene (4.8%) as the main constituents. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract was evaluated by the method of DPPH radical scavenging. The extract and the essential oil of M. pulegium were tested as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 using weight loss measurements and electrochemical methods. The aqueous extract exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity compared to acid ascorbic and the IC50 value was 36,62 µg/mL. The obtained results have showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration to attain 90.3 % at 2 g/L of MPE and 87.3 % at 4g.L-1 of MPO at 303 K. Finally, extracts and essential oil of M. pulegium from Mediterranean origin have numerous potential as a substitute to chemical additives for the food industry.

The objective of the present work was to study the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract and the antibacterial activity of the Rosmarinus officinalis aerial part essential oils. The Rosemary essential oil yield was equal to 1.47%. A great inhibitory power of Rosemary extract was revealed by the test of antioxidant activity (93.72%) by an IC50 of 16.95 µg/ml, which was superior to that of Butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA a synthetic antioxidant) (6.01µg/ml), and of ascorbic acid (1.27µg/ml). The essential oil antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains, using the aromatogram method. Hence, a remarkable antibacterial activity was noted for Rosemary essential oil. Gram-positive bacteria were highly sensitive to the activity of this essential oil than the Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, pharmacological investigation of the plant aqueous extract revealed the plant had very important pharmaceutical effects (anti-inflammatory effect). The preliminary study of toxicity, according to oral voice, revealed that the Rosmarinus officinalis leaves were not toxic.

Background: Achillea wilhelmsii (Asteraceae) is a Permanent herb, belongs to the genus Achillea (Compositae) Which grows wild in some regions of Iran including Taftan area of Sistan and Baluchestan, in southeast of Iran. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils extracted from the flowers, stem and leaves of Achillea wilhelmsii. Material and Methods: In this study, the chemical composition of essential oils of the flower and stem of Achillea wilhelmsii from Taftan were obtained by the hydrodistillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Results: Sixty one compounds were identified in the essential oil of the flower. The major compounds were Camphor (27.99%), Sabinyl acetate (6.56%), Terpinene-4-ol (6.43%) Camphene (6.43%) and Alpha-Pinene (5.47%). Forty eight compounds were identified in the essential oil of the stem and leaves, which the major compounds were Camphor (34.49%), Alpha-Pinene (8.16%), Camphene (7.87%), Terpinene-4-ol (5.70%), 1,8-Cineole (3.32%). In addition, the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Conclusions: According to antioxidant activity outcomes, the amount of IC50s of aqueous extracts of flower and stem and also butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as standard were 232.34, 63.25 and 45.59 ppm respectively. Ultimately, it was highlighted that antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of flower was weaker than stem.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

The samples of stinging nettle were collected during June in the Tuzla region. Aqueous extracts were prepared from fresh and dried leaves in order to determinate and compare content of bioactive components and antioxidant potential. Conventional soxhlet, ultrasound assisted extraction and traditional maceration extraction were used as extraction methods. Quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoids was carried out using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity of nettle aqueous extracts was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content and expected the highest antioxidant capacity, while extracts obtained by maceration gave the lowest results. KEYWORDS:stinging nettle extract;bioactive components;extraction;antioxidant

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the anti-microbial efficacy against oral pathogens, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata. Materials and Methods: Agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans at 25µL, 50µL, and 100µL by measuring the zone of inhibition. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) assay and anti –oxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay. Results: Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were found to be less sensitive to both, aqueous and ethanolic extract of Erythrina variegate. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Erythrina variegata was higher than the aqueous extract at lower concentrations. Anti-oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Erythrina variegata was higher than the ethanolic extract and standard values at all concentrations. Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest that both, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Erythrina variegata leaves have the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity and can be used as an alternative to commercially available drugs. However, further research needs to be done on the antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens of the plant.

Correlation among environmental factors, chemical composition and antioxidative properties of essential oil and extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) collected in Molise (South-central Italy)

Optimizing the extraction parameters of epigallocatechin gallate using conventional hot water and ultrasound assisted methods from green tea

Background Essential oils, infusion and decoction extracts of Calamintha nepeta L. were evaluated for their bioactive substances (polyphenols and essential oils) and antioxidant activities. Methods The amounts of phenolic compounds were determined by colorimetric assays and identified by high performance and liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) method. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined by gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. For the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of essential oils and extracts, two different assays (reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity) were used. Results Infusion extract presented the highest phenolic content, followed by the decoction one, while the lowest amount was observed in essential oils. The amount of flavonoids of the decocted extract was higher than that of the infused one. The phenolic profile of C. nepeta infusion and decoction extracts revealed the presence of 28 and 13 peaks, respectively. Four phenolics compounds were identified in infusion (gallic acid (GA), rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeine (C) and caffeic acid (CA)) and two were identified in decoction (GA and RA). The chemical composition of essential oils revealed the presence of 29 compounds, accounting for the 99.7% of the total oils. Major compounds of essential oil (EO) were trans-menthone (50.06%) and pulegone (33.46%). Infusion and decoction extracts revealed an interesting antioxidant activity which correlates positively with their total phenolic contents. Conclusions These results showed that Calamintha nepeta could be considered as a valuable source of phenolics and essential oils with potent antioxidant activity.

Objective: The chemical composition and bioactive properties of essential oils, fatty oils and aqueous extracts of Prunus cerasifera, Malus sylvestris and Cornus mas were investigated. Material and Method: Antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of P. cerasifera, M. sylvestris and C. mas were reported. The quantitative determination of some secondary metabolites was also analysed by LC-MS/MS. The chemical composition of the essential oils was also investigated by GC-MS. Result and Discussion: Fatty oils’ major compounds were oleic acid (77.1%) in P. cerasifera, palmitic acid (32.5%) in M. sylvestris fruits, and linoleic acid (43.2%) in C. mas seeds. Benzaldehyde (70.1%), nonacosane (30.4%), (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal (43.3%) were found as major compounds of P. cerasifera, M. sylvestris fruits, and C. mas seed essential oils, respectively. Quinic acid was predominant compound in all extracts, ranging from 11262.2996 to 18179.6260 ng/ml. C. mas fatty oil was showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis with MIC =625-1250 µg/ml. P. cerasifera, C. mas, and M. sylvestris hold potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors, with varying degrees of potency. IC50 values further underscore effectiveness of aqueous extracts, especially in cases of C. mas and M. sylvestris with <10 and 399 µg/ml.

BackgroundSpirulina is a commercial alga well known to contain various antioxidants, especially phycocyanin. Apart from being sold as a nutraceutical, Spirulina is incorporated as a functional ingredient in food products and beverages. Most of the previous reports on antioxidant activity of Spirulina were based on chemical rather than cell-based assays. The primary objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract from Spirulina based on its protective effect against cell death induced by free radicals.MethodsThe antioxidant activity of the cold water extract from food-grade Spirulina platensis was assessed using both chemical and cell-based assays. In the cell-based assay, mouse fibroblast cells (3T3) cells were incubated for 1 h in medium containing aqueous extract of Spirulina or vitamin C (positive control) at 25, 125 and 250 μg/mL before the addition of 50 μM 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The cells were incubated for another 24 h before being assessed for cell death due to apoptosis using the Cell Death Detection ELISA Kit. Spectrophotometric assays based on DPPH and ABTS were also used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extract compared to vitamin C and vitamin E (positive controls).ResultsSpirulina extract did not cause cytotoxic effect on 3T3 cells within the range of concentrations tested (0 - 250 μg/mL). The extract reduced significantly (p < 0.05) apoptotic cell death due to DPPH and ABTS by 4 to 5-fold although the activity was less than vitamin C. Based on the DPPH assay, the radical scavenging activity of the extract was higher than phycocyanin and was at least 50% of vitamin C and vitamin E. Based on the ABTS assay, the antioxidant activity of the extract at 50 μmug/mL was as good as vitamin C and vitamin E.ConclusionsThe results showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina has a protective effect against apoptotic cell death due to free radicals. The potential application of incorporating Spirulina into food products and beverages to enhance their antioxidant capacity is worth exploring.

Comparison of different extraction methods of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia leaves: Yield, antioxidant activity and essential oil chemical composition

Results of a study of water and water–alcohol extracts of wild chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) depending on the conditions of their extraction by different methods are discussed. The test samples are wild chamomile samples collected in various regions of Russia. Phenolic components in their native forms were extracted from medicinal raw materials using infusion, maceration, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and subcritical extraction, and by the pharmacopoeial method. Concentrations of individual components and total phenolic compounds in wild chamomile were determined by chromatographic methods. The HPLC determination of phenolic compounds with diode-array and mass spectrometric detection was carried out using gradient elution with a mixture of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. Chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid glycosides, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, dicaffeoylquinic and chicoric acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, and apigenin were identified in water and water–alcohol extracts of wild chamomile. The dependence of the concentration of phenolic compounds on the geographical place of the growth of plant raw materials was studied based on value of this parameter in extracts of wild chamomile samples from different territories. The maximum total concentration of phenolic compounds (10.1 mg/g) was found in the extract of chamomile from FarmaTsvet (Krasnogorsk, Moscow oblast).

The current study aimed to investigating the phytochemical constituents, invitro antioxidant activity, anti-bacterial activity and GCMS studies of aqueous extract of Cucurbita pepo. All the experiments were conducted using standard procedures. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic content, tannins, steroids, and glycosides. The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Cucurbita pepo was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Rutin was used as a reference compound. This extract also possesses many phytochemicals and significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, Cucurbita pepo may be useful for therapeutic purposes. The gas chromatographic and mass spectra were observed there were three compounds obtained namely, 1) octanoic acid, silver (1+) salt, 2) trans-13-octadecenoic acid, and 3) octadecanoic acid, in spectra were also recorded in the seed extract of Cucurbita pepo.

Aims: The leafy stem and fruit of P.murex have been reported to be used in folk medicine to treat male reproductive system ailments. This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant potential of the aqueous extracts of P.murex leafy stem and fruit.&#x0D; Methodology: Extracts were prepared by macerating the powder in water. Total phenolics amount were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids were quantified by aluminum chloride method and total tannin content was estimated by hexacyanoferric method. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts were assessed through 2,2´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibition assay and lipid peroxidation assay.&#x0D; Results: Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins content were respectively equal to 48.91± 1.67 µg/mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE); 56.01± 0.90 µg/mg Rutin Equivalents (RUE); 16.92± 1.22 µg/mg Tannic Acid Equivalents (TAE) for the leafy stem extract while they were equal to 26.26± 0.54 µg/mg GAE; 47.88± 2.39 µg/mg RUE; 7.94± 0.31 µg/mg TAE for the fruit. The leafy stem extract exhibited a more pronounced DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation activity than the fruit extract.&#x0D; Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leafy stem aqueous extract was significantly more potent than that of the fruit extract. Further studies will find out the extracts pharmacological efficacy and innocuity.