Effect of exercise training on the swimming behaviour and rheotaxis of Procypris rabaudi.

Simple SummaryThe artificial release of hatchery fish has not achieved expected results, mainly due to the low survival rate of the fish after being released into the natural environment. Many studies have shown that the implementation of pro-released training can improve the survival rate of hatchery fish. Rock carp (Procypris rabaudi) is a rare breed of fish in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The aim of this study is to investigate whether aerobic exercise training has positive effects on the growth, swimming ability, antipredation ability and immunologic function before releasing the species into the wild. The findings from this study indicate that the training regime at close to 2–4 bl s−1 for 20 h per day for 42 days prior to release might be a suitable strategy to promote the survival rate of released juvenile rock carp in the wild.Many studies have found that aerobic exercise training at a moderate water velocity can improve the growth, swimming performance and survival rate of fish. To investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on the growth, swimming performance, antipredation ability and immune parameters of rock carp, juveniles were placed in training channels with different water velocities (i.e., 3 cm s−1, 1 (body length s−1) bl s−1, 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1) for 6 weeks. Then, the specific growth rate, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and its metabolism, constant acceleration speed (Ucat), survival rate under predation, spleen index, lysozyme (LZM) activity and immunoglobulin (IgM) level were measured. Training showed no significant effect on the length-specific growth rate, weight-specific growth rate, Ucrit, maximum metabolic rate (MMR), metabolic scope (MS), Ucat or spleen index. The resting metabolic rates (RMRs) of the 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1 training groups were significantly higher than those of the control group and 1 bl s−1 training group. The survival rate of the 1 bl s−1 training group in the presence of predators was significantly higher than that of the control group but significantly lower than those of the 2 bl s−1 and 4 bl s−1 training groups. The LZM activity of the 4 bl s−1 training group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The IgM level of the 2 bl s−1 training group was significantly higher than that of the control group. These data indicate that aerobic exercise training does not improve the growth and swimming performance of juvenile rock carp but can improve their antipredation ability and immunologic function.

Exercise training for pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis

A Comparison of Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Training in Patients With and Without Chronic Kidney Disease

The Effect of Residential Exercise Training on Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Physical training in Syndrome X: Physical training counteracts deconditioning and pain in Syndrome X

Background: Exercise is one of the optimal and alternative treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although the effect of a single bout of exercise on insulin sensitivity is reported to persist only for 2–3 days, effects remain unclear of a 12-week aerobic exercise training on insulin sensitivity, quality of life (QOL), and depression status over time as exercise training duration increases in patients with T2DM. Objectives: To investigate the effects over time in patients with T2DM of a 12-week aerobic exercise training on insulin sensitivity, QOL, and depression status. Materials and Methods: Purposive sampling was used to recruit 17 T2DM patients. Participants underwent a 12-week, supervised, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training three times per week, 30 min per session. Outcome indicators including insulin sensitivity (measured by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), QOL (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36), and depression status (beck depression inventory scale) were evaluated at baseline and at 4-week intervals. Results: A final 13 eligible participants completed the study. For every 4-week increase in duration of exercise training, there was an increase over time in insulin sensitivity, including a decrease over time in OGTT glucose area under the curve of 66.92 min/mmol/L. Glucose concentrations decreased over time at 60, 90, and 120 min after an oral glucose challenge. Further, the HOMA-IR decreased over time as the duration of exercise training increased. QOL and depression status improved significantly during the training. Conclusions: Moderate-intensity exercise training improves insulin sensitivity, QOL, and depression status in T2DM patients, particularly over time within a 12-week exercise training course.

This study investigated whether an increase in toe flexor strength influenced postural control during static upright standing after 12 weeks of multicomponent exercise training in healthy young men. Twelve men (18–23 yrs) performed multicomponent exercise 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Twelve additional age-matched men were recruited for the untrained control group. The multicomponent exercise training consisted of strengthening and balance exercises for the foot and leg muscles. Toe flexor strength, foot arch height and postural control were assessed before, during, and after exercise training. Postural control was evaluated using the path of the centre of pressure, which was obtained with a force plate under three standing conditions: double-leg standing with eyes open, double-leg standing with eyes closed, and single-leg standing with eyes open. The dominant leg was used for single-leg standing. After exercise training, toe flexor strength increased by approximately 32% (p < 0.01), whereas the foot arch height did not change. The centre of pressure variables during double-leg standing did not change after exercise training; however, these variables decreased during single-leg standing. None of the variables in the control group changed after exercise training. The relative increase in toe flexor strength was not correlated with the relative improvement in the centre of pressure variables during single-leg standing after 12 weeks of exercise training (total length, r = 0.1734; mean velocity, r = 0.1734; sway area, r = −0.1372). These findings suggest that increased toe flexor strength has no significant effect on static postural control ability after exercise training in young men. Highlights Twelve weeks of multicomponent exercise training aimed at strengthening foot and leg muscles increased toe flexor strength. Multicomponent exercise training did not alter postural stability during double-leg standing, but improved postural stability during single-leg standing. Increased toe flexor strength did not relate to altered postural stability during static upright standings after 12 weeks of exercise training.

The effect of exercise training on the metabolic interaction between digestion and locomotion in juvenile darkbarbel catfish ( Peltebagrus vachelli)

We compared the effects of aerobic exercise training on lipid and lipoprotein levels in 18 postmenopausal women who were (N = 8) or were not (N = 10) receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Each group was tested for lipids, diet recall and VO2max before and after a 12 wk exercise program, consisting of 30-50 min of an aerobic activity at 75-85% of VO2max, 3-4 sessions per week. Both groups increased VO2max by 8% and neither group changed their diet. The ERT group had higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (P < 0.01) before training. There were no mean group changes in any of the lipid variables with training. However, individual changes in LDL-C and Total Cholesterol (TC) were strongly related to baseline weight in the nonestrogen group (r = 109.91, r = -0.82) but not in ERT (r = -0.30, r = -0.51). Subsequently, all subjects were redivided into two groups based on BMI (< or = 27 or > or = 27) regardless of ERT status. TC decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the < or = 27 BMI group. Exercise training had little effect on the lipid profiles of the ERT and the nonestrogen groups, but body weight seems to be a modulating factor. Heavier subjects did not respond as favorably to 12 wk of exercise training as postmenopausal women with less body mass, regardless of the presence of exogenous estrogen.

Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women

The Effect of Residential Exercise Training on Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction&lt;xref rid="AFF1"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/xref&gt;

Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure: systemic effects of lower-limb exercise training

Exercise training is associated with elevations in mood in patients with various chronic illnesses and disabilities. However, little is known regarding the effect of exercise training on short and long-term mood changes in those with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of mood alterations in response to a vigorous, 12-week aerobic exercise training regimen in ambulatory individuals with chronic TBI (>6 months postinjury). Short and long-term mood changes were measured using the Profile of Mood States-Short Form, before and after specific aerobic exercise bouts performed during the 12-week training regimen. Ten subjects with nonpenetrating TBI (6.6 ± 6.8 years after injury) completed the training regimen. A significant improvement in overall mood was observed following 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training (P = .04), with moderate to large effect sizes observed for short-term mood improvements following individual bouts of exercise. Specific improvements in long-term mood state and short-term mood responses following individual exercise sessions were observed in these individuals with TBI. The largest improvement in overall mood was observed at 12 weeks of exercise training, with improvements emerging as early as 4 weeks into the training regimen.

Background: There is growing evidence that chronic exercise is a promising intervention for combating feelings of low energy and fatigue. Although groups with well-defined medical conditions (for example cancer and heart disease) or unexplained fatigue syndromes consistently have reported improved feelings of energy and fatigue after chronic exercise, relatively few exercise training studies have been conducted with people who report persistent fatigue yet neither have a medical condition nor reach diagnostic criteria for an unexplained fatigue syndrome. The purpose of this investigation was to use a randomized controlled design to examine the effects of 6 weeks of chronic exercise training on feelings of energy and fatigue in sedentary, healthy young adults reporting persistent fatigue. Methods: Thirty-six healthy, young adults who reported persistent feelings of fatigue were randomly assigned to a moderate-intensity exercise, low-intensity exercise or no treatment control group. Participants in each condition then visited the exercise laboratory on 18 occasions over a 6-week period. Exercise laboratory visits occurred 3 days per week. Vigor and fatigue mood state scores were obtained at the beginning of the third exercise session each week for 6 weeks. Aerobic fitness was measured before and after intervention. Results: The effect of 6 weeks of exercise training on feelings of fatigue was dependent on exercise intensity; however, the effect on feelings of energy was similar for both the low- and moderate-intensity conditions. The changes in feelings of energy and fatigue were independent of changes in aerobic fitness. Conclusions: Six weeks of low and moderate exercise training performed by sedentary adults without a well-defined medical condition or an unexplained fatigue syndrome but reporting persistent feelings of fatigue resulted in similarly beneficial effects on feelings of energy. The effects for symptoms of fatigue were moderated by exercise intensity, and the more favorable outcome was realized with low-intensity exercise. Changes in feelings of energy and fatigue following exercise training were unrelated to changes in aerobic fitness.

Exercise is used as a therapeutic option to improve an individual's quality of life or as a method to attenuate the severity of cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic‐related diseases. However, changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training are often heterogenous with individuals being more or less responsive to a similar exercise protocol. Heterogeneity in responses to exercise training is observed in humans and rodents. Low responses to training might be mitigated by modifying the standard exercise training protocol by altering the frequency, intensity, or duration of training. Threshold‐based exercise training prescription, e.g., critical speed, has also been proposed as a means to reduce the variability of training responses. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of different exercise training intensities on changes in exercise capacity in two inbred strains of mice, NZW/LacJ (NZW) and FVB/NJ (FVB). NZW mice were selected because they respond poorly to moderate intensity endurance exercise whereas, FVB mice respond well to endurance training. We hypothesized that increasing the intensity of the training would reduce the number of low or non‐responding NZW mice. To test this hypothesis, female mice from each strain were assigned to one of three treadmill training groups based on critical speed (CS): 80% of their critical speed (CS80%), 90% of their critical speed (CS90%), or sedentary controls (SED). Exercise groups within each strain were volume matched and thus ran the same distance over the 6‐week training period. Pre‐training exercise capacity differed between NZW (30.5 ± 3.5 min) and FVB (36.1 ± 2.8 min) mice (P &lt; 0.001). Critical speeds also differed between strains (NZW: 25.1 ± 2.4 m/min; FVB: 32.9 ± 1.6 m/min, P &lt; 0.001). After training, both FVB exercise groups, CS80% (10.0 ± 4.9 min, P = 0.004) and CS90% (14.0 ± 7.7 min, P = 0.007), improved their endurance capacity. In contrast, NZW CS80% did not significantly improve after training (0.4 ± 4.6 min), but NZW CS90% improved significantly (3.6 ± 2.7 min, P = 0.02). Collectively, these data indicate that the high‐responder FVB strain can adapt to moderate‐intensity and high‐intensity endurance training. The low‐responder NZW strain only showed significant improvement after sufficient homeostatic stress was induced through high‐intensity endurance training. These data suggest that increasing exercise intensity can improve responses to exercise training in low‐ or non‐responding mice.