Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether dihydroferulic acid (dFA) promoted the viability of H2O2-treated PC12 cells and functional recovery from ischemic injury. The animals were divided into four groups for the study: (1) the vehicle treated (saline, 1 mL/kg), (2) dFA 5 mg/kg treated, (3) dFA10 mg/kg treated, and (4) dFA 20 mg/kg treated groups. Neurological deficit was evaluated using the modified neurological severity score. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed with the protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with the Iba-1 and MFG-E8 genes. dFA treatment improved the reduced viability of PC12 cells induced by H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner. Only 50 μM of dFA significantly enhanced the transcription levels of antioxidant genes and neurotrophic factors compared to the vehicle group. In vivo dFA administration exerted a neuroprotective effect by reducing the infarct volume and enhancing behavioral function following cerebral ischemia. dFA treatment protected neuronal cells from ischemic injury and increased the transcription levels of anti-oxidant genes (PDI and Nrf2) and neurotrophic factors (BDNF and NGF). dFA treatment decreased the expression of Iba-1 and MFG-E8 genes, which signal neural cell death.
Highlights
The incidence of ischemic stroke is reportedly high in several countries
This study aimed to determine whether dihydroferulic acid (dFA) obtained from fermented rice bran extract promoted functional recovery from ischemic injury through the expression of genes that code for antioxidants, neurotrophic factors, ChAT, DCX, and SYP, and to evaluate the functional recovery from ischemia-induced cognitive impairment
real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the effects of dFA on the anti-oxidant genes (Nrf2 and protein disulphide isomerase (PDI)), which encode antioxidant proteins, endogenous neurotrophic factors, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) genes
Summary
The incidence of ischemic stroke is reportedly high in several countries. It is one of the most common causes of death and disability. Few studies have focused on compounds obtained from foodstuff, owing to the increased focus on discovering physiologically functional foods in recent years (Verschuren, 2002). Rice bran, which is used as animal feed, is mainly obtained by dehusking rice, contains several nutrients including protein, fat, lecithin, pyridoxine, vitamins A and B, oryzanol, and ferulic acid (FA) (Piotrowicz & Salas-Mellado, 2017; Soi-Ampornkul et al, 2012). FA and dihydroferulic acid (dFA) are aromatic compounds, with known antioxidant effects (Rechner et al, 2001). Earlier studies have demonstrated several biological effects of FA including anti-inflammatory effects (Yu et al, 2006)
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