Effect of Carrier Agents and Inlet Temperature on Physicochemical Properties of Encapsulated Carrot Coagulum Powder

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of inlet air temperature of spray drying and different combinations of carrier agents (maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), modified starch (MS), and whey protein concentrate (WPC)) on the physicochemical characteristics of spray-dried whey powder, enriched with vitamin D3 to improve its usage as a functional ingredient. Firstly, vitamin D3 was nanoencapsulated by nanoliposome prepared with egg yolk lecithin, sesame oil, and glycerol through thin-film dispersion method. The mean particle size of prepared nanoliposomes was 140 nm. Then, the prepared nanocarriers loaded with vitamin D3 were added into the feed solution and dried through spray dryer. The effect of carrier agent types and inlet air temperature on the physicochemical (moisture content, solubility, porosity, color, and powder yield) and microstructure properties of obtained spray-dried powders were investigated. The optimal carrier agents and condition of spray drying were selected by Taguchi design. Our results showed that the inlet air temperature and carrier agent had significant effects on the characterization of powders. Powders produced by 2% WPC, 3% MS, and 25% MD at 170 °C inlet air temperature showed the highest powder yield (96.4%). Also, the morphology of powders was affected by carrier agent types; increase in MD concentration in feed solution causes to create smoother and spherical spray-dried powder particles.

The study aims to obtain spray-dried tomato powders with a high and effective product yield and enhanced powder quality. The experiment for this investigation entailed the use of several carrier agents, which were maltodextrin (MD) of 4-7 dextrose equivalents (DE), MD of 10-12 DE, and gum Arabic (GA), each in varied concentrations of 5% and 10% with spray drying inlet temperatures of 140°C, 150°C, and 160°C. Powder yield, bulk density, hygroscopicity, moisture content, water solubility, water absorption, color properties, particle size, and powder morphology were all evaluated in spray-dried tomato powders. The results revealed that the stability of the tomato powder is considerably better at high temperatures and concentrations (at 10%, 160oC), with MD 4-7 DE being the best carrier agent among the three tested carrier agents. According to the powder analysis, the product has a moisture content of 3.17 ± 0.29%, the highest yield percentage of 32.1%, a low bulk density of 0.2943 ± 0.01 g/cm3, the lowest hygroscopicity at 5.67± 0.58 %, a high water solubility index (WSI) at 89.98 ± 1.25%, a low water absorption index (WAI) at 6.22 ± 0.22%, an intermediate particle size of 24.73 µm, and color L*, a*,b* values at 31.59 ± 0.03, 11.62 ± 0.08 and 13.32 ± 0.12. The result showed that at higher temperatures and higher concentrations, the powder characteristics are more likely to have a higher yield, WSI, and larger particle size, as well as lower bulk density, hygroscopicity, moisture content, WAI, and color index.

This study was undertaken to develop ash gourd juice powder (AGP) with the assistance of different carrier agents viz., Maltodextrin (MD), Gum Arabic (GA), Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) in different proportions by freeze-drying. The carrier agents were added in 1:10, 3:20 and 1:5 (w/v) to study their effect on the physicochemical properties like moisture content, color and techno-functional properties like powder recovery, bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr index, swelling capacity, water and oil holding capacity, water solubility index and hygroscopicity. GA as carrier agent had reported the highest yield (16.04%) followed by samples with SPI and MD as carrier agents. AGP produced with maltodextrin (1:5) showed more lightness (L*) than MD (1:10) and MD (3:20) whereas, GA based sample at 1:5 showed more lightness (L*) than SPI (1:5). AGP samples with SPI as carrier agent showed higher moisture content (MC), bulk density (BD) and tapped density (TD) compared to GA and MD added samples. Also, the moisture content, bulk density and tapped density of dried powders decreased with an increase in carrier agents proportion. Dried AGP obtained from MD as carrier agent showed more oil holding capacity and the sample with a carrier agent showed better water holding capacity. Higher swelling capacity was observed in samples with MD (1:5) as a carrier agent than (1:10) and (3:20). Powder with MD as a carrier agent showed higher water solubility index (WSI%) with a trend of increase in carrier agent proportion. However, hygroscopicity (HY%) was higher in samples with MD compared to samples with SPI and GA. Also, the HY% decreased with an increase in carrier agent proportions. The wettability of AGP decreased with an increase in carrier agent proportion. Powder obtained through GA as a carrier agent took more time than other carrier agents like SPI and MD. Overall, the study indicated that ash gourd can be dried by using freeze dryer to protect techno-functional and physicochemical properties. Further, the nutritive composition of the samples needs to be assessed to evaluate the change in composition after freeze drying

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of two carrier agents, Nopal and Aloe Vera mucilage on the physicochemical properties and stability of blackberry and raspberry powders obtained by spray drying. A pilot scale spray dryer with a feed flow of 20 L/h and an atomization speed of 28,000 rpm was used. The inlet and outlet air temperatures were from 180 to 80 °C, respectively. Yield, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity index, solubility time, volumetric density, stability diagrams, micrographs, and particle temperature were evaluated. The highest yields for blackberry extract were 75% with a concentration of 2.5% (w/v) Nopal mucilage, while raspberry extract yielded 65% with a concentration of 5% (w/v) Nopal mucilage. The increase in the concentration of the carrier agent presented an increase in the values of humidity, water activity, volumetric density, and solubility when Nopal mucilage was used as a carrier agent in both blackberry and raspberry extracts. Furthermore, when Aloe Vera mucilage was used as a carrier agent, these same values decreased with increasing concentration. The storage conditions of the powders obtained should be stored at temperatures below 20°C and water activities below 0.4. In addition, the stability diagrams show the particle conditions that should not be exceeded during spray drying.

Effect of carrier agents on flowability and microstructural properties of foam-mat freeze dried date powder

Date fruit is a good source of bioactive compounds and natural sugar. It has the potential to be utilized as a substitute for added sugar. Although several forms of dates—such as fresh dates, date paste, and date syrup—are available in the market and used for different applications, free-flow date powder would be highly beneficial in improving shelf-life, ease of handling, and blendability with various foods prepared domestically and in industry. The objective of this study was to produce date powder in a pilot-scale spray dryer and determine its physicochemical qualities. Date powder was produced at eight processing conditions (2 carrier agents (maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) × 2 inlet air temperature (150°C and 170°C) × 2 feedstock flow rates (25 ml/min and 40 ml/min)). To the carrier agent was added at 0.4 kg per 1.0 kg of date fruits (dry weight basis), and the feedstock to the spray dryer was prepared at 20% concentration. Date powder was obtained in all eight treatments. Color (L*a*b* values), moisture content, bulk density, wettability, solubility index, hygroscopicity, microstructure analysis (using scanning electron microscope (SEM)), and total phenolic compounds were determined for the spray-dried date powder. The physicochemical characteristics of date powder varied significantly with respect to the processing conditions. Although physical properties of date powder were significantly affected by the carrier agent, there was no difference in total phenolic compounds between date powders produced with MD and GA. An SEM study revealed that date powder produced with MD had smooth, regular-shaped spherical particles but with severe agglomeration. Date powder with GA had relatively smaller particles of irregular sphere with dented surfaces.

Spray drying of seedless black barberry juice using maltodextrin (MD) (4–8%) and Arabic gum (12%) as carrier agents was studied. Micro-crystalline cellulose (1.5%) also was used as a drying aid agent. A Central Composite Design was used to investigate the influence of inlet air temperature (110–150C), compressed air flow rate (400–600 L/h) and MD concentration (4–8%) as independent variables on moisture content, solubility, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (EC50) of powders as responses. Responses were statistically influenced by independent variables. Increasing inlet air temperature decreased moisture content, TAC, TPC and antioxidant activity and increased solubility. Increasing compressed air flow rate had a negative effect on the moisture content, anthocyanin content, TPC and antioxidant activity. When MD concentration increased moisture content decreased however solubility increased. MD concentration had no significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the TPC and antioxidant activity at used levels. Practical Applications Black Barberry is rich in antioxidants, which play an essential role in the prevention of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases well as treating them. In this study, the effect of three spray drying variables including inlet temperature, air flow rate and maltodextrin (MD) concentration on functional properties of black Barberry juice was investigated. It was observed that spray drying can promote to an acceptable levels to maintain functional properties of Barberry juice. The results can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries are working in the field of spray drying.

Spray-drying technique is widely used in the production of powder from fruit juices. Carrier type and inlet temperature are two major factors that influence drying efficacy and powder quality. In this study, barberry juice (Berberis vulgaris L.) was powdered using 12% (w/v) maltodextrin with 4-7 and 16.5-19.5 dextrose equivalents (DEs) at two different inlet temperatures at 130 and 150°C. Moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity, color, total anthocyanin content(TAC), microstructure, glass transition temperature and the X-ray diffraction of the prepared powders were investigated. The inlet temperatures and the utilization of maltodextrin with different DEs as the carrier agent, had different effects on the physicochemical properties of the prepared powders. By increasing the inlet temperature, the moisture content decreased while hygroscopicity increased. At inlet temperature of 130°C, powders prepared with lower maltodextrin DEs had higher moisture content and bulk density, but lower hygroscopicity (p < 0.05). The SEM result demonstrated that, a decrease in color of the powder by increasing the inlet temperature. Darker particles with higher a* values and total anthocyanin contents (4.68mg/g) were obtained when a larger amount of maltodextrin with lower DEs was utilized. At the lower inlet temperature, the powder particles had smoother surfaces. The glass transition temperature of the powders ranged from 47.1 to 54°C based on different inlet temperature and DEs as well as moisture content. The amorphous surfaces of the dried particles were verified via X-ray diffraction profiling. Overall, applying different DEs in combination and lower inlet temperature led to the more appropriate physical and functional properties to the barberry powder. The TAC significantly depended upon the carrier agent, the inlet air temperature, and the interaction between the two variables.

This study investigated the effect of soya protein isolate (SPI) and inlet air temperature on various properties of spray dried tamarind pulp powder. Increase in SPI concentration and inlet temperature significantly increased powder recovery from 17.90 to 55.07% and 52.54 to 59.60%, respectively. Increase in SPI concentration and inlet temperature significantly increased solubility from 49.90 to 71.58% and 59.82 to 65.22%, respectively. Higher values for particle size (90.65 µm; 77.63 µm) and lower values for cohesion index (8.46 mm; 9.29 mm) were observed at higher SPI concentration and inlet temperature. Increase in SPI concentration significantly decreased water activity, bulk density and DPPH radical scavenging activity of spray dried powder from 0.168 to 0.140, 0.52 to 0.45 g/mL and 61.91 to 45.81%, respectively. At higher inlet temperature low values of water activity (0.148), bulk density (0.48 g/ml) and radical scavenging activity (51.42%) were observed. Micrographs of powder samples showed wrinkled morphology. Practical Applications Soya protein isolate (SPI) due to its surface active and film forming property can be used for the production of quality spray dried tamarind pulp powder with increased powder yield and considerably reduces the requirement of higher concentration of carrier agents like maltodextrin, and gum Arabic for powder production, which otherwise would lead to alteration of the powder quality and risks consumer disapproval. Moreover, among the process variables related to spray drying, the inlet air temperature can be considered very important, since it is directly related with powder quality. Thus, in the present study, the effect of protein concentration and inlet air temperature on the physicochemical properties of spray-dried tamarind pulp was investigated. The results can be helpful for food companies looking for production of quality tamarind pulp with high powder recovery.

Reduction of water activity in the formulations of mosquito biocontrol agent, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis is very important for long term and successful storage. A protocol for spray drying of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis was developed through optimizing parameters such as inlet temperature and atomization type. A indigenous isolate of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis (VCRC B-17) was dried by freeze and spray drying methods and the moisture content and mosquito larvicidal activity of materials produced by the two methods were compared. The larvicidal activity was checked against early fourth instars Aedes aegypti larvae. Results showed that the freeze-dried powders retained the larvicidal activity fairly well. The spray-dried powder moderately lost its larvicidal activity at different inlet temperatures. Between the two types of atomization, centrifugal atomization retained more activity than the nozzle type atomization. Optimum inlet temperature for both centrifugal and nozzle atomization was 160 degrees C. Keeping the outlet temperature constant at 70 degrees C the moisture contents for the spray-dried powders through centrifugal atomization and freeze-dried powders were 10.23% and 11.80%, respectively. The LC(50) values for the spray-dried and freeze-dried powders were 17.42 and 16.18 ng/mL, respectively. Spore count of materials before drying was 3 x 10(10) cfu/mL and after spray drying through nozzle and centrifugal atomization at inlet and outlet temperature of 160 degrees C/70 degrees C were 2.6 x 10(9) and 5.0 x 10(9) cfu/mL, respectively.

Corn lime cooking generates a large amount of wastewater known as nejayote that is composed of suspended solids and solubilized phytochemicals. Spray drying can be an alternative to recover bioactive molecules, such as ferulic acid, from nejayote. Besides the yield, the physicochemical properties (solubility, water activity, pH, moisture, hygroscopicity, total phenolic content, and distribution of free and bound hydroxycinnamic acids) of spray-dried nejayote powders were analyzed. The powders were obtained at 200 °C/100 °C or 150 °C/75 °C (inlet/outlet) air temperatures with the addition of maltodextrin (MD) or 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HBCD) as encapsulating agents. Even when no carrier agent was used, a spray-dried nejayote powder was produced. The use of MD or HBCD as carrier increased the yield from 60.26% to 68.09% or 71.83%, respectively. As expected, a high inlet temperature (200 °C) allowed a satisfactory yield (>70%) and a low powder moisture (2.5%) desired by the industry. Water activity was reduced from 0.586 to 0.307 when HBCD was used in combination with a drying inlet temperature of 150 °C; and from 0.488 to 0.280 when the inlet temperature was set at 200 °C. Around 100% bioaccessibility of the compounds was observed after in vitro digestion. The addition of HBCD increased the release time (P < 0.05). Under simulated physiological conditions, there was no reduction of total phenolics, suggesting a good stability. This paper showed the feasibility to engage the spray drying technology to the corn industry to minimize their residues and reuse their by-products.

Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as diosgenin, which is one of the most crucial steroidal sapogenins emerging in the field with its spectacular health benefits. Plant-based diosgenin is bitter in taste and has remarkably low consumption levels, making it unable to fulfil the role of improving health benefits. Diosgenin is spray dried to mask bitterness and astringent flavors with two different wall materials, such as maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein concentrate (WPC), separately. The spray-drying condition of the selected optimization process was inlet air temperature (IAT 150-170 °C), feed flow rate (FFR 300-500 mL/h), and carrier agent concentration (CAC 10-20%). The optimization of the process variable was conducted for producing optimized encapsulated diosgenin powder (EDP) with both MD and WPC. The selected parameters, such as yield, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, antioxidant activity, hygroscopicity, and solubility, are investigated in this current work. Based on the experimental results, the significant R2 values depict the model fitting to the responses. EDP revealed an optimization condition at 170 °C IAT, 500 mL/h FFR, and 20% CAC for MD and WPC. The highest responses were observed with WPC-EDP, such as yield at 82.25%, encapsulation efficiency at 88.60%, antioxidant activity at 53.95%, and hygroscopicity at 12.64%. MD-EDP revealed higher solubility at 96.64% and moisture content at 2.58%. EDP was studied using micrographs and diffractograms for the optimized samples, which revealed a smooth and dented surface with an amorphous nature for MD-EDP and WPC-EDP, respectively. EDP exhibited acceptable powder properties with regard to fulfilling the set purpose. EDP can be a better potential ingredient in different food matrices to act as a delivery vehicle for various health aliments.

Spray dried date fruit extract with a maltodextrin/gum arabic binary blend carrier agent system: Process optimization and product quality

This study investigated the survival dynamics of Lactobacillus plantarum BG24, a probiotic strain, within reconstituted skim milk (RSM) and yeast extract (YE) matrices during the spray-drying (SD) process, encompassing of inlet/outlet air temperatures. Notably, optimum SD parameters were found to be an inlet air temperature of 150°C and outlet air temperature of 83°C, that achieving high viability (92.23%), and reducing both moisture content (MC) (3.57%) and water activity (a w) (0.266). The use of soy protein isolate (SPI), gum Arabic (GA), RSM, maltodextrin (MD), sucrose (SUC), and lactose in binary mixtures or alone was investigated in terms of the best survival rate of probiotic bacteria, and RSM alone and RSM + GA and SPI alone were found to be the best drying carriers giving higher viability during SD. SD at optimum process temperatures and freeze drying (FD) were compared in the survival rate of probiotic bacteria in the carrier of RSM with YE, and FD samples showed a higher survival rate (97.69%) than SD samples. It was determined that the storage temperature (4°C and 20°C) had an impact on the glass transition temperature, MC, a w, and cell viability. Increased storage temperature led to a greater decrease in cell viability, especially for SD probiotic powders. These findings furnish critical insights into the intricate interplay among process parameters, carrier agents, drying techniques, and storage conditions, thereby elucidating avenues for refining probiotic preservation strategies within the ambit of SD, and by extension, in the domains of food and pharmaceutical sciences.

Trends of spray drying: A critical review on drying of fruit and vegetable juices