Effect of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture wastewater on the growth of Chlorella sp.

This study aimed determine the parasite infection intensity value and mortality pattern of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultivation with different systems. The cultivation system used is intensive and intensive + bio floc system. The research design used is CRD (Complete Randomized Design), using two treatments with three repetitions. The research activities included sampling, ectoparasite examination, identification, and water quality examination. The total samples studied in this research were 24 fish in each treatment. Fish parts observed were the body surface, gills, and fins. The results of the research conducted show that, at the beginning to the end of the study, the mortality rate of fish has decreased. Then, the highest parasite infection intensity value was found in the intensive treatment, with a moderate infection category.

The aims of this study are to know the prevalence of monogenean helminth ecto-parasites infection on catfish culture, to know determine the number of monogenean infection on 100 samples consists of 1 and 3 months old of catfish. This study was conducted on May to June, 2011 in catfish culture ponds, Laban Village Menganti District and Gresik Regency, East Java Province. The methods were used in this research were skin and gill scrapping. The data were analyzed by using chi square test with SPSS program version 18.0 for windows. The results showed that prevalence of monogenean in catfish culture ponds, Laban Village Menganti District Gresik Regency, East Java Province was 32%. The highest infection was in the young catfish compared with the older ones with percentage of 23% and 9% respectively and based on chi square test showed that there were a very significantly differences (p < 0.01).

Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) is one of the most cultured fish in Indonesia. The main problem in catfish culture is low productivity and high feed conversion ratio (FCR). The purpose of this activity was to evaluate the application of probiotic in catfish culture. For nursery, catfish juveniles with size of 2-3 cm was cultured for 40 days while fish with size of 7-9 cm was cultivated for 85 days in grow-out tank. All tanks were treated by probiotic during one culture cycle. Probiotic was directly given to the water and administered by feed. The results showed that survival rates of nursery and grow-out tanks were 90 and 92%, respectively. The FCR value in the grow-out was 0.8. It can concluded that probiotic application was able to improve the survival rate and the feed conversion ratio in catfish culture.

Unit usaha pembesaran ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) milik Bapak Budi berlokasi di Desa Mekargalih Kecamatan Ciranjang Kabupaten Cianjur Provinsi Jawa Barat. Usaha tersebut berdiri pada Desember 2020 dengan luas lahan 2.100 . Keberlangsungan usaha budidaya pembesaran ikan dapat diukur dengan manajemen usaha. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis manajemen usaha, teknik pembesaran ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) dan analisa usahanya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah analisis deskriptif, dengan perhitungan analisa usaha menggunakan biaya produksi, penerimaan, keuntungan, Break Event Point (BEP), Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C ratio), Payback Period (PP), dan Return on Investment (ROI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan usaha budidaya pembesaran ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) dilakukan secara semi intensif dengan menerapkan sistem budidaya yang terkontrol. Pembesaran ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus) layak untuk dijalankan, dengan nilai R/C ratio 1,71. Titik impas dari penjualan ikan lele sangkuriang memiliki BEP(Rp) Rp 7.501.098,- dan BEP(unit) sebanyak 906 kg. Biaya produksi sebanyak Rp 46.756.944,- dengan jumlah pendapatan sebanyak Rp 80.325.000,- sehingga mendapatkan keuntungan per siklus Rp 33.568.056,-Budi's sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) rearing business unit is located in Mekargalih Village, Ciranjang District, Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. The business was established in December 2020 with a land area of 2,100 m^2. The sustainability of fish farming business can be measured by business management. The research aims to analyze business management, production processes and business analysis. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis, with business analysis calculations using production costs, revenues, profits, Break Event Point (BEP), Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C ratio), Payback Period (PP), and Return on Investment (ROI). ). The results showed that the growing cultivation of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was carried out in a semi-intensive manner by applying a controlled cultivation system. Enlargement of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is feasible, with an R/C ratio of 1.71. The breakeven point from the sale of sangkuriang catfish has a BEP(Rp) of IDR 7,501,098 and a BEP(unit) of 906 kg. Production costs of IDR 46,756,944, - with a total income of IDR 80,325,000, - so that you get a profit per cycle of IDR 33,568,056, -

The culture of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in most developing countries lacks suitable diets for semi-intensive production. The present study evaluated the growth performance, survival, nutrient utilization, hepatosomatic index (HSI), body composition, yield and feeding cost of African catfish fed on semi-intensive feeds 1 (SMF1) and semi-intensive feed 2 (SMF2) produced on-farm and an industrially manufactured (IM) feed as a control. Two hundred fish (14.95 ± 0.24 g) were stocked in triplicate earthen ponds and fed the three diets at 5% of the body weight for eight weeks. The final weight, specific growth rate and yield of fish fed the SMF2 diet was significantly lower than SMF1 and IM diets. However, no significant differences were revelead in final weight, specific growth rate and yield between fish fed SMF1 and IM diets. The survival rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of fish did not differ among the diets. Apparent net protein utilization was significantly higher on fish fed the SMF2 and SMF1 diets than IM diet. The HSI of fish fed the IM diet was significantly higher and the livers were yellow-coloured compared to smaller and brownish/reddish livers of fish fed the SMF1 and SMF2 diets. The fish fed the IM diet had statistically lower ash content than SMF1 diet. The incidence cost of fish fed the IM diet was 35% higher, while its profit index was 31% lower than fish fed the SMF1 and SMF2 diets. Taken together, African catfish farmers can reduce feed cost up to 30% by using on-farm produced feeds when formulated properly and blended without affecting fish growth performance, survival and yield while obtaining better protein retention and healthier fish.

Design and performance of a water recirculation system for high-density culture of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the economic use of different water sources in the culture of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus; Burchell 1822) at Ediba-Qua, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria using standard appropriate techniques. Results obtained showed that cost of feeding increased significantly at (p < 0.05) with growth rate and weight gain in fish reared in borehole water having the highest cost (₦ 21617.86 ± 31.77) and least in rainwater (₦ 13635.93 ± 48.16). Profit index was highest in C. gariepinus reared in borehole water (16.99 ± 0.70), and least in stream water (15.74 ± 0.42) indicating that borehole water is the best water source for C. gariepinus with regards to profitability. This study has shown that fish farmers and fish intending farmers who are challenged by borehole water supply for fish culture can alternatively harvest rainwater or collect stream water to rear fish that could be utilized at a subsistent level.

Nutrition is a critical driver of farmed fish's ability to grow and reproduce. The increased cost and scarcity of fish feed have motivated additional research into alternatives and additives. As a result, fish meals must be augmented with additives. Feed additives are eatable substances that are added to fish meals in modest quantities to improve growth and minimize mortality rates. The current study investigated the synergistic effects of the broad spectrum antibiotics oxytetracycline (OXY) and erythromycin (ERY) combined in a ratio of 1:1 and administered to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus through feed fed at 0% OXY/ERY gkg1, 1% OXY/ERY gkg1, 2% OXY/ERY gkg1, and 3% OXY/ERY gkg1 inclusion levels for 8 weeks. At the conclusion of the trial, feed samples, effluent samples, and water samples were analyzed on Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. The results showed that C. gariepinus, Catfish fed a 1% OXT/ERY diet performed much better in the proximate analysis than the control diet. Fish fed with 1% OXY/ERY showed significantly greater levels of calcium (87.9±1.02), percentage nitrogen (3.9±0.31), available phosphorus (3.3±0.7), and available potassium (95.7±4.66) in their effluent compared to other antibiotic inclusion levels and the control diet. Despite the potential for OXY/ERY applications in C. gariepinus Catfish cultivation, the results of this study show that fish fed with varied concentrations of OXY/ERY may have an impact on the quality of the cultivated water when compared to the control group. Taking all of the aforementioned into consideration, supplementing C. gariepinus feed with OXY/ERY could improve feed and effluent quality; however, its application may contribute to water quality deterioration, particularly at concentrations more than 1% and for extended periods of time.

Sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a prospective object of aquaculture. It is fast-growing species, which growth period from larva to commodity fish makes only 6 months. Its meat is rich with essential fatty acids (omega-3) and satisfies modern requirements to healthy food. One of efficient ways to prevent stressful factors of fish cultivation in the conditions of industrial aquaculture is the use of complete feed. Biologically active agents, including probiotics, are important in the balance of feed macronutrients for cultivation of physiologically competent fish. Sporotermin is among effective probiotics. The purpose of the study was to define cytogenetic homeostasis of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at the introduction of probiotic Sporotermin into feed. The study was conducted during cultivation of catfish in hi-tech industrial aquaculture. The cytogenetic homeostasis was assessed via the micronucleus test. The micronucleus test on fish is used to assess the pollution of their habitat. The study also revealed differences in the frequency of micronuclei and their types between group of fish growing with and without probiotic Sporotermin. Sporotermin decreases cytogenetic homeostasis disorders. Thus, the number of cells with (a) micronuclei decreases from 0.4% to 0.075%. There are no cells with micronuclei of (b), (c), (d-I), (d-II) and (e) types against the background of application of Sporotermin as a feed additive. The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant No. 18-016-000127.

The culture of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is constrained by the high mortality of fry, occasioning a shortage of high‐quality seeds for stocking by farmers. Asia, a continent with many success stories for aquaculture, leads in farmed production of some catfishes, a diverse group of 37 different families. Globally, the culture of catfishes ranks fifth in global farmed finfish production. Globally, Vietnam leads in the production and export of farmed striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, with 1,400,000 tonnes produced annually from about 7,000 hectares. Similarly, China farmed the non‐native Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, into the major crop, with a current annual production of 250,000 tonnes. On the contrary, C. gariepinus, the main farmed catfish species in Africa, records low annual yields, with 240,000 tonnes for the whole continent. This paper explores the factors behind the high production of P. hypophthalmus and I. punctatus in Vietnam and China, respectively, and draws lessons for C. gariepinus farmers in Africa. Specifically, the use of differentiated hatchery and nursery husbandry practices was critical in boosting seed production, quantity, availability, and distribution for expanding the culture of P. hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Improvement of fish species through well‐designed genetic improvement programs helped China substantially increase production of I. punctatus. For both species, intensive fish production, as well as the adoption and implementation of suitable policies, increased seed production from hatcheries in both countries. These are discussed as some of the factors that spurred catfish production in the two Asian countries. We argue that if these are adopted by farmers in Africa, they could help improve the production of farmed C. gariepinus on the continent for food and nutrition security as well as generation of livelihood for local communities.

The need for fish protein always increases along with the increase in urban population. To meet the food needs of the people in the city of Ternate, one way is to cultivate catfish using a biofloc system. To accelerate the growth of catfish, one of the efforts made is by adding fish bone meal to standard feed. Tuna fish bone meal contains minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which can help accelerate the growth of catfish so that harvest time can be accelerated. The objectives of the research are (1) To introduce catfish cultivation with a biofloc system that is effective, efficient and easy to do even on limited land (2) Fish bone meal addition treatment with fish bone meal concentrations (0%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and (3) The catfish cultivation system using the biofloc method can provide maximum results. The method used in this research is an experimental method on a biofloc pond system which consists of three biofloc ponds with a diameter of 3x3 meters. The results of this research are (1) Catfish is a fishery product that has an important prospect for development through cultivation using biofloc ponds (2) The best average value was in the treatment of adding fish bone meal with a concentration of 20% in almost all treatments except for the growth rate treatment which was highest in treatment (c) 0.73 and (3) The addition of tuna bone meal to biofloc pond cultivation can be used as a recommendation for developing catfish cultivation because it has quite promising market prospects.

This minireview describes the current knowledge on semen collection in captive male catfish. It is well known that when some catfish species, such as the African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis ), channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ), blue catfish ( I. furcatus ), Asian catfish ( C. macrocephalus ), and Indian catfish ( Heteropneustes fossilis ) are kept in captivity, hand-stripping of semen is impossible. To reproduce these species artificially, males are sacrificed and intratesticular semen is spread over the eggs. This is considered the major constraint in catfish culture, as both selection and genetic improvement are compromised. Different hormone treatments that either induce or mimic the prespawning gonadotropin surge have been tested with respect to their ability to induce semen release and possibly facilitate stripping of semen under abdominal massage. However, little or no success has been obtained. Recently, the effects of oxytocin on sperm transit in catfish have been tested, but the results are still not conclusive. It has been demonstrated that stripping of semen in catfish species is not possible because of an anatomical blockage. This has been observed in African catfish that have been fed on 17α-methyltestosterone (MT)-supplemented diet during larval stages and have developed without seminal vesicles but can be stripped following treatment with carp pituitary suspension (cPS). The efficiency of these hormone treatments and their ability to facilitate hand-stripping of semen in catfish species are discussed.

This study evaluated the growth performance and nutrient utilisation of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed ginger nanoparticles supplemented diets. Three hundred African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) post juveniles of 14.11g ± 0.08 were divided into five groups and fed ginger nanoparticles supplemented diets for 56 days. The control (T1) received feed without ginger, while four other groups received feed with increasing amounts of ginger nanoparticles: 0.05g (T2), 0.10g (T3), 0.15g (T4), and 0.20g (T5) per 100g of feed formulated. Water quality parameters were monitored and were within recommended levels for culture of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Growth performance parameters such as initial and final weights, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were accessed after the feeding trials. The results showed significant improvements in growth performance with ginger nanoparticle supplementation. Fish in group T3 (0.10g) inclusion had the best growth performance with weight gain of 20.60g compared with 17.61g in the control group. The best FCR of 1.55 was recorded in group T3 (0.10g) inclusion compared with 2.05 recorded in control fish. The specific growth rate was 0.36% per day in T3 compared to 0.31% in control. Fish body composition also improved, with higher protein content (up to 67.20% in T5) compared to control (63.50%). T3 (0.10g ginger nanoparticles per 100g feed) is recommended as the optimal inclusion level. Therefore, the study shows that ginger nanoparticles supplementation improved the growth performance and nutrient utilisation in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).

This study was to investigate the growth performance of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed sun-dried maggot meal and concentrate feed (Coppens).This experiment was aimed at testing the sole feeding of housefly maggot to fish in order to replace concentrate feed completely, thereby reducing the cost of production.This study was completely randomized and had two treatments and three replicates.Student T-test was used to compare the growth parameters and water quality parameters measured.The result of growth showed that mean weight gain of 1.43g and 1.91g for maggot meal and concentrate feed (coppens feed) respectively was not statistically significant at P<0.05.It also revealed that there was an increase in length of fish with mean values of 6.04cm and 6.61cm for maggot and coppens feed respectively.Length gains of 2.94cm and 3.51cm for maggot and coppens respectively, was not statistically significant at p <0.05.Similarly, the mean specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.07 and 1.27 for maggot meal and coppens, feed intake of 3.25 and 3.25, the feed conversion of 1.33 and 1.12 respectively were not statistically significant (P>0.05).Among all the mean physico-chemical attributes of the pond water only nitrite varied significantly (P<0.05).A significantly (P<0.05) drop in performance of fingerlings fed solely maggot meal after 3 months of age.From the results obtained, it can be inferred that maggot-based meal can be a perfect substitute for concentrate feed in the culture of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings that are less than 3 months of age.The use of housefly sun-dried maggot only to feed young catfish (Clarias gariepinus.) between the age of 0-3 months of age is highly recommended to reduce the cost of production.

Availability of diet in Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultivation is becoming a main concern. One of the problems in the artificial diet is that the protein content could not fully be utilized by the catfish. To solve the problem is by adding papain protease in the artificial diet. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of papain protease enzyme in artificial diet on diet utilization efficiency and growth performance of sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings in the Village of Tambaksari, Sub-district of Rowosari, District of Kendal, and Central Java. The fingerlings with initial body weight averaging 4.23±0,30 g were cultivated with the density of 1 fingerling per liter. The fingerlings were obtained from Center for Hacthery, Muntilan. The fingerlings were fed with artificial diet in four different doses of papain enzyme: A (0%), B (0.75%), C (1.5%), and D (2.25%). The experiment used Complete Random Design with 4 (four) treatments and each treatment replicated 3 (three) times. The results show that the addition of papain protease enzyme significantly (P<0.01) affected on the spesific growth rate (SGR) and net protein utilization (NPU). It could be concluded that the addition of papain protease enzyme could increase the specific growth rate (SGR) and net protein utilization (NPU) of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Optimum papain protease enzyme dose on the specific growth rate was 2.25% per kg diet. The water quality during study was still in the viable ranges for Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings cultivation. Key word: papain protease enzyme, artificial diet, growth, sangkuriang catfish fingerlings