Abstract
Effect of Additives on Hydrophobicity of PVDF Membrane in Two-stage Coagulation Baths for Desalination
Highlights
Dope solution incorporated with dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as non-solvent additives would delay S-L demixing where water diffused slowly in polymer solution and as a result formed smaller pore with dense skin and obtained water contact angle of 75.6°
It can be observed from the top surface of the membrane a clear distribution of pore exists in M-1(a) followed by M-2(a) and M-0(a), respectively and some regions of the membrane show a very open structure
The hydrophobic membrane was successfully synthesised via twostage coagulation bath (CB) with various additives
Summary
Membrane technology has become a popular separation technology and has been widely applied for its application in food processing, pharmaceutical industry, drinking water treatment, water purification, desalination of sea and brackish water.[1,2,3,4,5] Pressure-driven membrane water treatment process such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are commonly used to produce clean permeates and remove toxic substances from water bodies.[6,7,8] In recent decades, membrane distillation (MD) has been gaining attention as an emerging method for treatment and separation process due to some unique benefits associated with the process.[9] Figure 1 shows the principle of MD process operated using a hydrophobic membrane to allow only vapour molecule but not bulk water across micro-porous membrane under lower pressure and lower operating temperature compared to RO and distillation, respectively.[10] Ideally, the MD offers several advantages such as potential 100% rejection on non-volatile dissolved substances, production of high purity distillate, simplicity in operation, easy to scale up and relatively low energy consumptions.[11] Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), air gap membrane distillation (AGM), and sweep gas membrane distillation (SGMD) are well-known MD configuration process.[12,13,14,15] Among those configurations, DCMD is one of the most common configurations used due to its simplest MD to treat concentrated wastewater.[9]
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