Abstract
Three-dimensional printing polyetheretherketone (PEEK) provides a new choice for dental prostheses, while its appropriate bonding procedure and adhesive performance are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the adhesive performance of printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) after acid etching to veneering resin. In total, 182 PEEK specimens (including 91 printed and 91 milled specimens) were distributed to 14 subgroups (n = 13/subgroup), according to the manufacturing process and surface treatment. The specimens were polished and etched with sulfuric acid for 0, 5, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 300 s, respectively. Two specimens in each subgroup were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface and cross-section morphology separately. Then, the specimens were treated with a bonding primer, and one specimen in each subgroup was prepared for cross-sectional observation under SEM. The residual 10 specimens of each subgroup bonded with veneering resin were tested with the shear bond strength tests (SBS) and failure modes analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the SNK-q post hoc test (p < 0.05). The etched pores on the PEEK surface were broadened and deepened under SEM over time. Printed PEEK etched for 30 s obtained the best SBS-to-veneering-resin ratio (27.90 ± 3.48 MPa) among the printed subgroups (p < 0.05) and had no statistical differences compared with milled PEEK etched for 30 s. The SBS of the milled subgroups etched from 5 to 120 s were over 29 MPa without significant between-group statistical differences. Hence, printed PEEK can be coarsened effectively by 30 s of sulfuric acid etching. The adhesion efficacy of printed PEEK to veneering resin was qualified for clinical requirements of polymer-based fixed dentures.
Highlights
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high-performance polymeric material successfully utilized in traditional industrial fields, has been gradually introduced into dentistry and applied as a framework material of complete dentures, removable partial dentures, and implant-supported prostheses [1,2,3]
No tistical difference was found ininthe the etched etched statistical difference was found theweight weightpercent percentof ofsulfur sulfur element element among among the printed and and milled milled PEEK
The adhesive property of 3D-printed PEEK can satisfy the clinical needs of polymerbased fixed dentures according to ISO 10477:2020, slightly lower than that of milled PEEK
Summary
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high-performance polymeric material successfully utilized in traditional industrial fields, has been gradually introduced into dentistry and applied as a framework material of complete dentures, removable partial dentures, and implant-supported prostheses [1,2,3]. Compared with existing dental materials, PEEK shows better mechanical properties of flexural strength and fracture resistance [4,5]. Most reported PEEK prostheses were fabricated with the CAD/CAM milling technique, while the cost of excess material and time remain to be solved in the future [5,6,7]. Named 3D printing, offers a remarkable utilization rate of the material and good shape ability, which has attracted the focus of researchers [8,9]. The most widespread 3D printing technologies include selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modelling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and so forth. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one representative technique of 3D printing, by squeezing the filamentous fused thermoplastic material through a digitally controlled nozzle [10,11]. Alteration of printing direction or processing parameters would affect the mechanical properties of the final products [11]
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