Abstract
Swimming pool water treatment by chemicals is an essential step to avoid microbial proliferation and infections namely caused by free living amoeba such as, for example, primary amebic meningoencephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis. In the present study, a commercial reactive, CLORICAN, based on chlorine dioxide, was evaluated against Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri. We observed that CLORICAN could eliminate in a short period of incubation time both amoebae. Furthermore, Naegleria fowleri’s trophozoites were more sensitive than those of Acanthamoeba spp. By means of inverted microscopy, the chlorine dioxide was found to greatly affect morphology shape by increasing the cell size shrinkage.
Highlights
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protozoa found in natural habitats, namely soil and water, and artificial habitats such as swimming pools
Multiple species have been reported as being pathogens and opportunistic, namely Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Vahlkampfia, Vermamoeba and Sappinia
WHO have defined Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri as quality indicator microorganisms in recreational water [2]
Summary
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protozoa found in natural habitats, namely soil and water, and artificial habitats such as swimming pools. FLA act as pathogens, as parasites, as carries, or as vehicles of pathogenic microorganisms such as as bacteria or viruses [1]. Multiple species have been reported as being pathogens and opportunistic, namely Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Vahlkampfia, Vermamoeba and Sappinia. Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris are the most common FLA, with severe pathogenesis. WHO have defined Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri as quality indicator microorganisms in recreational water [2]. Some Acanthamoeba species or genotypes are the causative agents of severe medical complications including pneumonitis, fatal granulomatous encephalitis, skin infections and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) [3,4,5]. Based on the small ribosomal subunit gene (18S rDNA), 22 different genotypes were identified as T1 to T22 [6].
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