Abstract
Many recent wireless sensor network (WSN) routing protocols are enhancements to address specific issues with the “low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy” (LEACH) protocol. Since the performance of LEACH deteriorates sharply with increasing network size, the challenge for new WSN protocols is to extend the network lifespan while maintaining high scalability. This paper introduces an energy-efficient clustering and hierarchical routing algorithm named energy-efficient scalable routing algorithm (EESRA). The goal of the proposed algorithm is to extend the network lifespan despite an increase in network size. The algorithm adopts a three-layer hierarchy to minimize the cluster heads’ load and randomize the selection of cluster heads. Moreover, EESRA uses multi-hop transmissions for intra-cluster communications to implement a hybrid WSN MAC protocol. This paper compares EESRA against other WSN routing protocols in terms of network performance with respect to changes in the network size. The simulation results show that EESRA outperforms the benchmarked protocols in terms of load balancing and energy efficiency on large-scale WSNs.
Highlights
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a massive collection of low-power, intelligent and multifunctional sensor nodes connected to base stations (BS) [1], [2]
We focused on assessing the energy efficiency considering four scalability case studies (100, 200, 300, and 400 nodes)
To illustrate the impact of Efficient Scalable Routing Algorithm (EESRA) algorithm on network scalability, the network lifespan and the number of delivered packets criteria are reported over 10 simulation runs for four scalability case studies
Summary
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a massive collection of low-power, intelligent and multifunctional sensor nodes connected to base stations (BS) [1], [2]. The enormous number of nodes, low available data rates, and various resource constraints have limited the usability of generic ad-hoc routing protocols in WSN. Based on the network structure, WSN routing protocols are categorized into two classes: flat and hierarchical routing protocols. A flat routing architecture allows sensor nodes to perform identical roles in the routing process. All sensor nodes are set to forward the sensed packets directly to base stations. A hierarchal routing architecture segments the sensor nodes into clusters. In a typical two-layer hierarchy structure, low-level nodes (i.e. cluster members (CM)) are responsible for sensing data from
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