Edward Nevin and the evolution of the Welsh economy since 1950

Fiscal StudiesVolume 11, Issue 1 p. 53-74 Sex, Equality and the State Pension SUSAN OWEN, SUSAN OWEN Susan Owen was a lecturer at Cardiff Business School when working on this paper and Heather Joshi is Senior Research Fellow in Economic Demography at Birkbeck College, University of London. Earlier versions were given at the Welfare State Seminar, London School of Economics and Political Science, in March 1989, and at the Conference of the Social Administration Association in 1987. Susan Owen has worked on this paper in her personal capacity; it does not represent the views of HM Treasury, where she now works. She thanks her employer for permission to publish, and Heather Joshi thanks the ESRC for financial support under programme grant no. G00222005, Economic Inequalities, Gender and Demographic Differentials.Search for more papers by this authorHEATHER JOSHI, HEATHER JOSHI Susan Owen was a lecturer at Cardiff Business School when working on this paper and Heather Joshi is Senior Research Fellow in Economic Demography at Birkbeck College, University of London. Earlier versions were given at the Welfare State Seminar, London School of Economics and Political Science, in March 1989, and at the Conference of the Social Administration Association in 1987. Susan Owen has worked on this paper in her personal capacity; it does not represent the views of HM Treasury, where she now works. She thanks her employer for permission to publish, and Heather Joshi thanks the ESRC for financial support under programme grant no. G00222005, Economic Inequalities, Gender and Demographic Differentials.Search for more papers by this author SUSAN OWEN, SUSAN OWEN Susan Owen was a lecturer at Cardiff Business School when working on this paper and Heather Joshi is Senior Research Fellow in Economic Demography at Birkbeck College, University of London. Earlier versions were given at the Welfare State Seminar, London School of Economics and Political Science, in March 1989, and at the Conference of the Social Administration Association in 1987. Susan Owen has worked on this paper in her personal capacity; it does not represent the views of HM Treasury, where she now works. She thanks her employer for permission to publish, and Heather Joshi thanks the ESRC for financial support under programme grant no. G00222005, Economic Inequalities, Gender and Demographic Differentials.Search for more papers by this authorHEATHER JOSHI, HEATHER JOSHI Susan Owen was a lecturer at Cardiff Business School when working on this paper and Heather Joshi is Senior Research Fellow in Economic Demography at Birkbeck College, University of London. Earlier versions were given at the Welfare State Seminar, London School of Economics and Political Science, in March 1989, and at the Conference of the Social Administration Association in 1987. Susan Owen has worked on this paper in her personal capacity; it does not represent the views of HM Treasury, where she now works. She thanks her employer for permission to publish, and Heather Joshi thanks the ESRC for financial support under programme grant no. G00222005, Economic Inequalities, Gender and Demographic Differentials.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1990.tb00127.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue1February 1990Pages 53-74 RelatedInformation

The main aim of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of regional policies dealing with peripheral rural areas in the Visegrad countries from a historical perspective.As it is demonstrated in the paper despite the common political and ideological framework the goals and means of regional policy remained rather different in these countries during state-socialism.The systemic changes demanded the re-conceptualisation of regional development policy and the reconfiguration of the institutional background.As the comparative policy analysis showed in the early 1990s there was a lack of coherent regional policy that would efficiently mitigate growing regional disparities or foster regional competitiveness.The conceptual, legal and institutional foundation of the new regional policy took place in the second half of the 1990s, with some time lag among the countries.In the formulation of strategic documents regarding regional policy the foreseen EU accession played a very important role.The preparation of national development plans were based on the EU's standardized development handbooks, therefore a considerable similarity among the new member states' regional policy documents can be observed.One can say that earlier differences in regional development priorities were gradually eliminated by the European integration among the new member states.However, rural areas were considered in regional economic development policies only in the context of agriculture and tourism development.In addition to local infrastructural development, preservation of natural and cultural heritage, job creation only agriculture and tourism were defined for EU and national subsidies.

Lindebaum, D (2015). Critical Essay: Building new management theories on sound data? The case of neuroscience. Human Relations 69(3): 537–550. DOI: 10.1177/0018726715599831 The following corrections apply: Dirk Lindebaum’s affiliation is Cardiff Business School, UK. Dirk Lindebaum’s mailing address is Cardiff Business School, College of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Aberconway Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK. Email: mail@dirklindebaum.eu Dirk Lindebaum’s bio note is as follows: Dirk Lindebaum obtained his PhD from Manchester Business School, and he is now a Professor in Management at Cardiff Business School. One stream of his research activities pertains to organizational phenomena that involve emotional processes broadly defined. Another stream that he has pursued of late concerns the increasing visibility of neuroscientific theories and methods in the study of organizational behavior. Further details on publications, media engagement, online talks and other issues can be obtained from his website ( www.dirklindebaum.eu ).

The paper discusses the mechanisms that integrate environmental issues into regional policies in Germany. While spatial planning incorporates environmental targets and lays down restrictions on land‐use, it does not set financial incentives. Therefore, environmental protection aims are often overriden by economic development interests. In contrast, regional economic policy attempts to reduce economic disparities between regions by stimulating regional growth and mobilizing the development potential in structurally weak regions. The Joint Task ‘Improvement of regional economic structures’ (GRW) mainly supports industrial investment by private companies and investment in economic infrastructure. GRW funding may improve environmental quality by modernizing old facilities, supporting specific environmental investments by private firms or improving environmental infrastructure. However, regional economic policy as practised by the GRW has also negative impacts for the environment, because accelerated regional growth is often in conflict with environmental protection and conservation goals. The GRW contains some ‘negative restrictions’ to solve this conflict: GRW assistance is only granted if the investor complies with all federal, Länder and local environmental regulations as well as the restrictions on land use laid down by town and country planning.While regional economic policy takes account of the interdependencies between regional and environmental policy, it generally does not attempt to exploit potentials for simultaneous improvement of environmental conditions and economic development (‘environmental gain’), but mainly reduces negative repercussions of economic growth. However, there is scope for a more positive integration of environmental factors that would not require drastic changes of the current GRW framework. Important steps of such a reform include a greater emphasis on integration making environment an essential aspect of GRW assistance and establishing linkages between environmental targets, environmental criteria, environmental indicators and monitoring systems. Within this context, we discuss why the realization of environmental goals can improve regional economic development, how regional policy can promote measures that will encourage the detection and realization of such opportunities and how to change the institutional design of the GRW in order to secure environmental gain.The environmental impacts of regional policy are an important theme for European and national policymakers. Regional policies can influence the environment via different channels. On the one hand, they may directly improve the environment by supporting environmental projects. However, on the other hand there are also – often unintended and indirect – negative effects that must be taken into consideration. This paper discusses some of the mechanisms that attempt to integrate environmental issues into regional policies in Germany. In this context, it is useful to distinguish between spatial planning (town and country planning) and regional economic policy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Regional policy responses were reviewed in the broad context of metropolitan decentralization of population and the continuing disparities in regional unemployment. In spite of the many difficulties surrounding the evaluation of these policies, such as the definition of their nature, the lack of clear and quantifiable objectives and the problem of defining the situation without intervention, evaluations have been attempted. In reviewing these it was argued that the results may not have been as favourable as they seemed, both in terms of the quantity and quality of the jobs generated. Such studies, by examining only changes in manufacturing, the main focus of government policies, have concentrated on a relatively minor aspect of employment change. Of more significance has been the growth in service activities and in female employment. The increasing concentration of professional employment in the south and the expansion of part time working in the Assisted Areas raised questions concerning the effectiveness of policy for the development of sustained economic growth. After considering recent policy initiatives, it was argued that measures concentrating regional subsidies into areas most likely to benefit from them, although unpalatable in social terms, were the only hope for sensible spatial planning of the economy for the future. THE PURPOSE of this paper is to comment on the evaluative studies of urban and regional policy produced in the 1970s and to relate these comments to current and future policy. The first section is essentially contextual and describes some of the principal contemporary trends and current policy responses. Sections two and three focus on policy evaluation itself. First, the inherent difficulties of evaluating policy are reviewed; and second, a description of conventional methods of regional policy evaluation is provided. The penultimate section considers the results of conventional evaluations showing that they are not as favourable to the Assisted Areas as they might appear. The paper concludes with resultant implications for the design of urban and regional economic policy for the 1980s. I. The changing context of urban and regional policies Over the last fifteen years, urban and regional policies have been set in a context of considerable change generated by relative movement of both population and employment. This context has been further complicated by general changes in the economy, particularly associated with the increasing growth of female employment and the growth of certain service-based industries in marked contrast to the general decline of manufacturing employment. In Britain, population grew by around 5 per cent in both the 1950s and 1960s, but in the early 1970s, as a result of a significant fall in the birthrate, a decennial rate of population increase of only 2.2 per cent was recorded. However, these increases were distributed unevenly over the country. The 1950s saw a phase of population concentration into the major metropolitan areas of the nation while, by contrast, the 1960s were a period of almost universal decentralization of population from these metropolitan areas. Details of these trend reversals are by now well known and fully documented (Hall etal, 1973; Department ofthe Environment, 1976) for British 'daily urban systems'. Such systems have a central core area surrounded by a metropolitan ring of local authorities selected by their level of commuting to the centre. Together these zones form a Standard Metropolitan Labour Area (SMLA) which is, in turn,

This paper is concerned with the application of operations research in defining the optimal lockdown of economic activities to contain epidemic. The problem of optimal lockdown consists in deciding as best economic sectors can be lockdown with respect to fundamental sectors (essential goods and services) while disruptive impacts are minimized on the economy as a whole. Many countries around the world are currently implementing the lockdown of most economic activities to contain the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. The lockdown brings health benefits for the society as it contains the spread of the virus, reducing the number of infections and allowing the health system to treat those infected better. This paper describes a Boolean linear programming model to deal with the problem of selecting several economic sectors to be shutdown. The objective function is linear and the constraints are linear inequalities related to the Leontief’s input-output table. The model permits to analyze the feasibility of national economic system in which some elements of the input-output table are set equal to zero. The mathematical approach to the shutdown problem permits to identify the greatest number of economic sectors that can be closed without destroying the fundamental sectors. Since solution of the shutdown problem is the greatest number of lockdown economic sectors, author believes the model allows to oppose effectively the spread of virus. Once spread of the virus decreases, another feature of the model is to support decision makers in assigning priorities to the economic sectors to be gradually unlocked. Standard input-output models are able to reveal how different sectors of an economy are interconnected and how changes in one sector affect all other sectors. Besides the use of the input-output data for descriptive analyses of economic interrelations, this table also provides the empirical fundament for a wide scale of impact analysis. input- output models greatly differ in size and possible applications. Simple static input-output models are used for comparative-static impact (scenario) analysis. With the help of input-output quantity models, statements can be made about direct and indirect effects based on exogenous changes in demand. More complex dynamic input-output models largely resolve the limitations and inherent assumptions of static input-output models. Time is considered explicitly; quantity and price reactions are modelled endogenously in a holistic approach and feedback effects are captured. Last models are not only suitable for scenario analysis and for forecasting as well. In “A Linear Programming Solution to Dynamic Leontief type Models” Harvey M. Wagner presents a general dynamic model of an economy and investigates a number of questions related to the feasibility of certain time profiles of demand and the rate of substitution between economic activities. The Inoperability Input-Output Model [1-4]. was developed to understand better the infrastructure interdependencies. Based on the Leontief Input- Output Model, the model is demand-driven, wherein perturbations to the final demand levels are considered the initiating event, and the impact to sectors’ production outputs are the direct and indirect effects resulting from sector interdependencies. Case study shows that the different perturbation classes (demand or supply, quantity or price) yield different rank orders of sectors impacted by the initiating event, thus providing various perspectives of impacts. The present study differs from most previous studies in two aspects. First, linear programming techniques have been widely used in Input-Output model: from the primary and dual formulation of the problem to the analysis of Lagrange multipliers in order to assess the mutual relative importance of sectors. Second, the impact of lockdown is measured in terms of annihilated interdependencies rather than in terms of canceled economic values such as revenues and monetary exchanges. For this reason, the proposed model takes into account the adjacency matrix got from input-output Table rather than the Table itself. This analysis is static in character (it is a static I-O model) because it does not take care explicitly of time, quantity and price reactions, consumption and production lags, growth of final demand (these ones are known as dynamic I-O models). The study simply considers the interruption of several activity as a consequence of a government measure adopted to reduce the risk of contagion. The proposed model answers to the basic question if the annihilation of N sectors is feasible, secondary the model identifies in the Lagrange multipliers the means to sequencing the sectors to be reopened.

In this paper the implications are considered of the 1984 reforms to the regional policy schemes operated by the Department of Trade and Industry and the European Community for the division of regional industrial policy powers. The division of regional industrial policy powers between the European Community, the national government, and regional and local organisations has been the subject of little debate in Britain. The 1984 reforms are likely to weaken the role of the national government relative to the other participants. The relative position of the national government has been slowly weakening since the early 1970s. In addition, changes in regional policy fashions in favour of assisting service industries, innovation, and small firms are likely eventually to favour further decentralisation of regional industrial policy powers.

The aim of the WER is to provide authoritative and objective analysis and commentary on the Welsh economy, and regional economies in general, in a manner that promotes understanding and informs decision-making. The intended audience includes academics, economic development practitioners, policy-makers, and anyone with an interest in the Welsh economy and/or regional economics.

South African Journal of EconomicsVolume 65, Issue 4 p. 202-213 Growth, Employment and Economic Reform Lessons for South Africa PATRICK MINFORD, PATRICK MINFORD Professor of Economics, University of Liverpool, Cardiff Business School and Centre for Economic Policy Research. Paper given to the Biennial Conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, September 1997.Search for more papers by this author PATRICK MINFORD, PATRICK MINFORD Professor of Economics, University of Liverpool, Cardiff Business School and Centre for Economic Policy Research. Paper given to the Biennial Conference of the Economic Society of South Africa, September 1997.Search for more papers by this author First published: 22 August 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1997.tb01374.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume65, Issue4December 1997Pages 202-213 RelatedInformation

A tanulmányban shift-share elemzéssel különítettem el a jövedelmek térben való tagolódását befolyásoló két összetevőnek, a regionális dinamikának és a településszerkezet alapján meghatározott szerkezeti hatásnak a szerepét. A vizsgálat célja annak megállapítása volt, hogy a 35 évet felölelő időszak alatt (1970–2005) a 47 japán prefektúra jövedelemnövekedésében vagy épp -csökkenésében a fenti két tényező közül melyik mekkora szerepet játszott.A japán nemzeti gazdaságfejlesztési politika és regionális fejlesztéspolitika között sajátos alárendelő viszony van, ami a japán fejlesztő állam modell logikájából ered. A második világháború után a gyors ütemű felépülés és felzárkózás megvalósítására a japán nemzeti gazdaságfejlesztési politika jellemzően növekedésorientált célkitűzéseket irányzott elő, szemléletében pedig a hatékonyság jelent meg prioritásként. Ezzel szemben a japán regionális fejlesztéspolitika legfőbb deklarált feladata, hogy utólagosan korrigálja az általános nemzeti gazdaságpolitika szemléletéből eredő egyensúlytalanságokat. Így az jellemzően reaktív, kiigazító jellegű és méltányossági szempontokat is preferáló.A vizsgálattal igazoltam, hogy ez az alárendelő kapcsolatrendszer kizárólag addig működhet eredményesen, amíg a kapcsolat első pilléreként megjelenő nemzeti gazdaságfejlesztési politika sikeres, elősegíti a gazdasági növekedést, így annak jenmilliárdokban mérhető eredménye a megfelelő újraelosztási rendszerek működése révén hozzájárul a prefektúrák kiegyenlített fejlődéséhez.

Project Report: The Economic Impact of Tata Steel in Wales.

It is difficult to change structures in manufacturing and related tertiary sectors in inland regions in China. However, Chongqing succeeded in upgrading its industrial organizations by inducing Taiwanese personal computer (PC) manufacturing companies in 2009. The regional development policies that aimed to improve the infrastructure of Chongqing and advance industrial structures played an important role in this introduction. Regional policies, particularly urban-rural strategies, are expected to upgrade industrial structures to revitalize local regions. Examining Chongqing’s strategy and economy may provide some insight into developing rural regions. The primary aim of this chapter is to show the effects of regional policies on the development of Chongqing: using input-output analysis, we show that the laptop PC manufacturing industry that was introduced to Chongqing had a positive productivity effect on other industries and increased the numbers of workers migrating from other regions. In addition, we show that development of the infrastructure in this city has revitalized the regional economy by attracting other industries. These findings are significant to the development of other under-developed inland regions in China.

The role of planning policies in the property market, particularly in regeneration, has been recognised as to shape, regulate and stimulate the market (Adams et al, 2010 & 2015; Jones, 2014). These scholars pointed out the lack of market indicators to evaluate the outcomes of planning and regeneration policies, which shows that the need of regeneration policies to engage with property market still remains neglected and there was little discussion on whether urban regeneration policies encouraged sustainable property markets as important economic institutions. This paper intends to adapt a conceptual framework of market sustainability by employing three key concepts of market maturity, resilience and competitiveness to examine the impact of urban regeneration policies on the property investment market in the UK as an evaluation indicator for economic sustainability by utilizing a holistic and long-term approach.The research method for this paper comprises two elements: firstly, the case study methodology to look at the formulation of the Model from the 1970s to the present time by studying written documents including the archived planning documents published by Manchester City Council, newspapers as well as academic papers; and secondly, undertaking semi-structured interviews to obtain insights on the interplay of the state-market relations through urban regeneration policies. The findings show that affirmative comments made by the interviewees indicated some positive impact of regeneration policies to make the property investment market more sustainable by strengthening its market maturity, the level of resilience and city competitiveness with an emphasis on economic growth and the increase of property value over the past fifty years. This desirable outcome mainly resulted from strong leadership of Manchester City Council, political stability and an appealing city image for investment and businesses. Moreover, the comments of the interviewees pointed out that the essential driving force to deliver successful urban regeneration in Manchester has been the vision for a sustainable future partly by creating sub-property markets in different zones of the city centre based on its strategic master plan. However, there are some doubts on elite leadership and uneven distribution of city success.

This chapter considers the main features of “regional policy” in Spain from 1960 to 1975, with a brief description of some of the most significant results. It also describes some background, with reference to several previous policies. As in other countries, the history of regional policies in Spain is a long one. Some examples can be found during the reign of Carlos III (1759–1788), in the form of attempts to repopulate and develop some parts of Andalusia (Jaen, Cordova and Seville), or to promote the country’s economic development by creating public enterprises and new ports. More recently, in the nineteenth century, decisions were made in Spain regarding the centralised design of rail and road networks, with a long-lasting impact on the country’s territorial structure. These and other measures applied in the past, however, do not fit into the currently accepted category of “regional policies”. Indeed, “regional development policies” have only been described as such in Spain since the early 1960s, although with a singular approach and characteristics. However, before focusing on the subject of this chapter, it is well worth to mention some aspects of the measures applied during the Primo de Rivera dictatorship (1923–1930), the Second Republic (1931–1936) and the first 20 years of the Franco’s regime (1940–1960).

This article presents a method for analysing interregional differences and identifying a suitable combination of policies for a set of regions. The methodology is based on the development of a composite quality index and is illustrated using the case of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990s. The correlation between the quality of life values and the per capita European Union funding indicates that more funds are allocated to the countries with greater per capita income. The positioning of the FSU countries on a quality of life–per capita income mapping indicates whether emphasis should be placed on regional, environmental or sustainable development policies. Our analysis suggests that in the early 1990s sustainable development policies were best suited for Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Among these countries relatively more funds should be allocated for environmental and regional policies to Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. However, for balanced economic development in Georgia, Moldova and Armenia, the development of regional policies should be the priority.