Educational Technology on Neuropathies for People with Diabetes Mellitus: An Evaluation Study

To build and validate an educational technology consisting of a flipchart to promote self-efficacy in newborn care. A methodological study was carried out in two stages: (i) creation of the flipchart and (ii) validation by 25 experts and 50 people who could be the target audience (pregnant women, mothers or family members of newborns). Clarity, language, practical relevance and theoretical relevance were reviewed using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument. The Content Validity Index and the Flesch Readability Index were calculated. The serial album "Can you take care of your baby" consists of 30 pages. The overall Content Validity Index was 0.93 among experts and 1.0 among the target audience. The flipchart was considered superior quality material, reaching an agreement percentage of 94.9, indicating that it is suitable as an educational technology. Participants suggested adjustments, incorporated into the material for printed production. The flipchart developed and with content validated by experts is suitable for use in health education activities that aim to promote self-efficacy in caring for newborns.

Introduction: validated educational technologies favor access to reliable and adequate information, representing a critical risk communication tool for cancer patients during public health emergencies. Objective: to assess the validity and reliability of an electronic booklet on COVID-19 for adults with cancer. Methods: methodological validation by a panel of 22 experts linked to Brazil’s national curriculum vitae database. Sampling was performed by convenience, snowball, and selection techniques according to Jasper’s criteria. The validity of the booklet was evaluated by an electronic questionnaire using the content validity index (CVI), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the suitability assessment of materials (SAM) instrument, and the metalinguistic thematic analysis for educational technologies (MeTA-Edu) of dissertation proposals. Results: the expert panel consisted of 22 doctors with homogeneous sociodemographic characteristics, high specialization in education (86.4%), and teaching experience (average = 17.8 years). In general, the educational technology was validated by experts for content (overall CVI = 0.953) with a high degree of agreement (ICC = 0.958) and suitability of the content, literacy demand, graphics, layout, and typography, learning stimulation and motivation, and cultural appropriateness (SAM = 90.6%). After thematic analysis, 94 dissertation proposals were identified, mainly of the visual language type (47.9%) and referential/informative function (68.1%). Most expert suggestions were accepted (83.0%), and only 17.0% were rejected. Conclusion: the validity and reliability of the booklet “Uncomplicating COVID-19 for people with cancer” were ratified by experts. These findings can contribute to the methodological optimization of the validation of educational technologies and innovation of health education strategies, subsidizing cancer care in times of crisis.

Objective: To describe the development and validation process of an online course on urinary incontinence during pregnancy in Brazil. Materials and methods: This methodological study followed an online course’s literature search, development, and validation steps. A total of 22 specialists participated in the validation step, and the content validity index (CVI) was used. Fifty-one Physical Therapy students (target audience) also participated in the Suitability Assessment of Materials. Results: The synthesis reached in the integrative review provided the basis for the course’s theoretical content, which was regarded as suitable by the specialists regarding its content, language, presentation, stimulation/motivation, and cultural adequacy (CVI = 0.99). The target audience considered the course organized, easily understandable, engaging, and motivational, with a positive response index ranging from 84.3 % to 100 %. Conclusions: The Brazilian version of the online course was considered sufficiently adequate in content and interface quality by both specialists and the target audience.

Background:Health education is the cornerstone of primary health care. Health education materials distributed to the community should, therefore, be suitable and effective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health education brochures, designed and disseminated by Ministry of Health institutions in the Qassim province.Materials and Methods:The study was a cross-sectional review of health education brochures. We used a structured evaluation form, comprising general information on the brochures and a modified Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) score sheet. The SAM consisting of 22 criteria in six groups, includes content, literacy demands, graphics, layout/typography, learning stimulation/motivation, and cultural appropriateness. SAM criteria categorize written material into “superior,” “adequate” and “not suitable.” Two qualified consultant family physicians evaluated the brochures. Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 3.4 statistical package.Results:We evaluated 110 brochures, the majority of which addressed chronic health conditions such as mental health, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Seventy-four (67.3%) brochures were evaluated as “adequate,” 34 (30.9%) as “not suitable” and 2 (1.8%) as “superior.” “Cultural appropriateness” was the highest scoring factor, with 92 (83.6%) brochures falling into either the “superior” or “adequate” category. With regard to “content,” 88 (80.0%) brochures fell into either the “superior” or “adequate” category. This was the second highest scoring factor. Graphics was the factor that scored the least. Seventy-five (68.2%) brochures were rated in this factor as “not suitable.”Conclusions:Although two-thirds of our brochures were considered “adequate,” the majority needed improvement to their graphics and learning stimulation factors. We recommend that guidelines for designing health education brochures should be formulated to improve the quality of health education brochures.

It is essential to provide readily comprehensible health information to the public to increase healthy behaviors and improve outcomes. Researchers in English-speaking countries possess well-developed instruments to evaluate the suitability of health education materials. However, few of these instruments are available for use in Chinese-language environments. This study aimed to translate the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) into Chinese. Researchers used a rigorous translation and testing process to provide a valid instrument to evaluate the suitability of health education materials written in Chinese. The translation process included forward- and back-translations and a test for translation equivalence that evaluated semantic and content equivalence. A panel discussion was held on the discrepancies between the original English and back-translated English versions. The content validity index was calculated to confirm the validity of the SAM Chinese version. Two raters used the Chinese-version SAM to evaluate seven health education handouts. A Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated to estimate interrater agreement, and Cronbach's alpha assessed the internal consistency of the instrument. Discussions on the differences between the original English and initially translated Chinese versions of the SAM resulted in a final 22-item SAM Chinese version. The content validity index of the final Chinese-language SAM scale was .99, the Cohen's kappa coefficient of agreement was .25, and the Cronbach's alpha value was .91. The SAM Chinese version is a valid and reliable instrument with potential use in evaluating the suitability of health education materials written in Chinese.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, due to defects in insulin secretion, action activity or both. The prevalence of DM in Kenya is at 3.3% and is reported to be rising. Administration of drugs, healthy eating and exercises are the recommended management of the disease. Combining anti-diabetic drugs with natural remedies including honey has been reported to be more effective than use of drugs alone. However many Kenyans are sceptical about the use of honey in the management of DM on account of its high sugar. The prescription of honey for management of DM by the medical personnel is therefore viewed with cynicism. This study was therefore designed to assess the knowledge and practice of use of honey in diabetes management by the nutritionists working in hospitals. The study was cross-sectional, involving 57 practicing nutritionists drawn from different departments of public and private hospitals within Nairobi County, and the heads of the nutrition departments as key informants. Data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire to the consenting respondents. The study was granted approved by Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)/ University of Nairobi (UoN) Ethics and Research Committee. Results showed that up to 50.9% of the respondents do not have knowledge on the use of honey in the management of DM, while 42.1% indicated having the knowledge. The gains indicated by the respondents who had knowledge included lowering glycaemic index (7%), control of blood glucose (19.3%), medicinal value (7%), and provision of energy (3.5%), alternative sweetener (1.8%) and antioxidant (1.8%). Only 19.3% of the respondents were aware of studies on use of honey in DM management. Most of the nutritionists recommend unprocessed honey (94.1%) The common forms of usage of the honey were indicated as spreads on bread (41.2%), sweetener of foods such as tea and porridge (17.6%), solution in hot water (11.8%) and direct eating (5.9%). The quantity of honey recommended one teaspoon (41.2%), two teaspoons (29.4%), three teaspoons (23.5%) and four teaspoon (5.9%). Nutritionist who did not recommend honey based their arguments on such reasoning as honey raising blood glucose (60%), lack of knowledge on efficacy (20%), ignorance (17.5%) and patient’s non-acceptance (2.5%). The study concludes that knowledge among nutritionists on the use of honey in management of type-2 DM is very low and therefore prescription/recommendation also very limited. Keywords : Nutritionist, Knowledge and Practice, use of honey, Type-2 Diabetes management DOI : 10.7176/FSQM/91-06 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

To build and validate an educational technology in the form of a booklet, aimed at the family members of people with venous ulcers to assist them in their care. A methodological study, which went through the stages of bibliographic survey and situational diagnosis for the construction of the booklet and validation of content, appearance, and adequacy with judges and the target audience. The Content Validity Index, the Suitability Assessment of Materials, and the Concordance Index were used. In the validation with the content and appearance judges, the booklet showed an excellent overall Content Validity Index (tCVI=0.92). The technical judges evaluated the booklet as "superior" (average of 91%). The booklet underwent adjustments, and validation was performed with the target population, reaching an agreement rate higher than 75%. The educational booklet developed was validated for content and appearance and considered suitable for use by family members of people with venous ulcers.

to describe the validation of the booklet on self-care with the feet of people with diabetes. methodological study, focusing on the validation of a printed booklet. The content and appearance of the booklet was validated by 23 judges divided into three groups: 11 content and appearance, seven technicians and five of the area of design and marketing. The appearance was validated by 30 people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. the judges in the nursing area allowed the validation of material with a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.99, judges in the area of design and marketing with Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) of 99.2% and the target audience with concordance index of 99.4%. the educational booklet proved to be valid and reliable educational material to be used in order to promote compliance with self-care with the feet of people with Diabetes Mellitus.

BackgroundSuitable health education materials can educate people about the potential harms of high-risk factors, leading to expected behavior changes and improved health outcomes. However, most patient education materials were not suitable in terms of content, structure, design, composition, and language, as stated in the literature. There is a pressing need to use well-designed scales to assess the suitability of health education materials. Although such assessment is a common practice in English-speaking communities, few assessment tools are available in mainland China.ObjectiveThis study aimed to translate the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) for the evaluation of health-related information for adults into a simplified Chinese version (S-C-SAM) and validate its reliability for evaluating the suitability of health education materials written in simplified Chinese in mainland China.MethodsThe SAM was translated into an S-C-SAM in three steps: (1) translating the SAM into an S-C-SAM, (2) translating the S-C-SAM back into an English version, and (3) testing the translation equivalence between the 2 English versions (original and back-translated) of the SAM linguistically and culturally. Any differences between these 2 English versions were resolved through a panel discussion. The validity of the S-C-SAM was determined by measuring its content validity index. The final version of the S-C-SAM was used by 3 native Chinese-speaking health educators to assess 15 air pollution–related health education materials. The Cohen κ coefficient and Cronbach α were calculated to determine the interrater agreement and internal consistency of the S-C-SAM.ResultsWe agreed on the final version of the S-C-SAM after settling the discrepancies between the 2 English versions (original and back-translated) and revising 2 items (sentences) rated negatively in content validation. The S-C-SAM was proven valid and reliable: the content validity index was 0.95 both in clarity and in relevance, the Cohen κ coefficient for the interrater agreement was 0.61 (P<.05), and Cronbach α for the internal consistency of the whole scale was .71.ConclusionsThe S-C-SAM is the first simplified Chinese version of the SAM. It has been proven valid and reliable for evaluating the suitability of air pollution–related health education materials written in simplified Chinese in mainland China. It has the potential to be used for assessing the suitability of health education materials specifically selected for other health education purposes.

Objective: To develop and analyze a digital booklet for preventing sexual violence in adolescence as proof of content validity. Methods: This is a methodological study developed in three stages: digital booklet construction based on the Falkembach model; material validity by a committee of experts using the Index of Agreement (IA), considering it greater than 80%; and assessment by the target audience (adolescents), based on the application of the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM), considering it “Superior” between 70% and 100%; “Suitable”, between 40 and 69%; “Unsuitable”, between 0 and 39%. Results: The digital booklet was considered valid by experts, with an agreement rate between 86% and 100%, and qualified as “Superior” by adolescents with a score percentage of 97% on the SAM. Conclusion: The booklet was considered valid by experts and target audience, being able to be used as a technological resource to identify situations of sexual violence in adolescence and enable the adoption of preventive behaviors.

The objective was to develop and validate an educational technology (ET) for self-care for elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated in primary health care. A methodological development study was carried out with the preparation of a printed ET validated by 33 expert judges and 41 elderly people who met the healthy functional class criteria of the Brazilian Diabetes Society. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was considered equal to or greater than 0.80 in the objective blocks, content, language, relevance, illustrations, layout, motivation and culture. The ET entitled “Booklet for elderly people on self-care in Diabetes Mellitus”, with 28 pages, presents Nurse Dora teaching self-care through guidance and games. It was validated by the judges with an overall CVI of 0.88 and by the target audience with a CVI of 0.97. The ET went through the entire methodological process with due scientific rigor, being validated by professionals and the target audience, allowing its use to support educational practices to promote self-care for elderly people.

Background and Objectives: The Antimicrobial Stewardship Program has shown satisfactory results in fighting antimicrobial resistance. Despite this, the program does not seem to be consolidated in Brazilian hospitals, which requires an understanding of the factors interfering in its consolidation according to the pharmacists' perspective. No validated tool was found in the literature to meet this objective. The objective of this study was to develop and test a tool for assessing the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and the obstacles to its implementation in Brazilian hospitals from the perspective of pharmacists. Methods: The tool was developed based on literature searches and experiences in clinical practice. Content validation was carried out by a panel of experts, and semantic validation was done by the target audience. The Validity and Content Index (IVC/Ave) and the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) were used in the data analysis, requiring an IVC/Ave &gt; 90% and SAM &gt; 80% to validate the tool. Results: In its final version, which contained 62 items, an IVC/Ave &gt; 90% was found for all attributes evaluated, and the average SAM was 82%. Conclusion: The tool proved to be suitable for the purpose that led to its development, presenting itself as innovative, accessible, low-cost, and easy to apply by researchers.

The World Health Organisation estimated that in the year 2000, 150 million people had diabetes mellitus, and it is predicted that this number will rise to 366 million by the year 2030.[1][1] Neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes and is characterised by a progressive loss of peripheral

Clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and severe osteoarthritis

Objective To observe the changes of serum ferritin and 25-(OH) vitamin D3 in patients with diabetic cranial neuropathy. Methods There were 50 patients without diabetic Cranial neuropathy, 46 patients with diabetic cranial neuropathy, and 40 cases of normal control group. The changes of serum ferritin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 were observed in each group. The correlation between two indexes and the correlation with diabetic cranial neuropathy were analzyzed. Results The serum ferritin levels in diabetic group and diabetic neuropathy group were significantly higher than those in normal control group (P<0.01), and its level in patients with diabetic cranial neuropathy [(687.54±65.38)ng/ml] was significantly higher than that of patients without diabetic cranial neuropathy [(497.28±46.39)ng/ml, P<0.01]. The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D3 levels in the diabetic group and diabetic neuropathy group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.01), and its level in patients with diabetic cranial neuropathy [(26.45±8.93)nmol/l] was significantly less than that of patients without diabetic cranial neuropathy [(37.19±9.74)nmol/L, P<0.01]. Serum ferritin levels were positively correlated with 25- (OH) vitamin D3 (r=-0.59, P<0.01). Multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetic neuropathy was negatively correlated with 25-(OH) vitamin D3 (P<0.05). Conclusions The increases of serum ferritin and 25-(OH) vitamin D3 are closely related to the occurrence and development of diabetic cranial neuropathy, which provides the theoretical basis for clinical intervention therapy. Key words: Diabetic neuropathies/ME; Cranial nerve diseases/CO/ME; Ferritins/ME; Calcitriol/ME