Education and skill mismatches in the German labour market: the role of vocational and occupational specificity from a career perspective

PurposeEducation system stimulates the development of human capital and provides informative signaling allowing to differentiate productivity of individuals. If education system is efficient then higher levels of education usually associated with greater returns on labor market. To evaluate the efficiency of Russian education system we aim to estimate the effect of vocational education and different levels of higher education on wages.Design/methodology/approachWe use data on 8,764 individuals in the years 2019–2021. Our statistical approach addresses two critical issues: nonrandom selection into employment and the endogeneity of education choice. To tackle these problems, we employed Heckman’s method and its extension that is a structural model which addresses the issue of self-selection into different levels of education.FindingsThe results of the analysis suggest that there is a significant heterogeneity in the returns to different levels of education. First, higher education, in general, offers substantial wage premiums when compared to vocational education. Specifically, individuals with specialist’s and bachelor’s degrees enjoy higher wage premiums of approximately 23.59–24.04% and 16.43–16.49%, respectively, compared to those with vocational education. Furthermore, we observe a significant dis-parity in returns among the various levels of higher education. Master’s degree provides a substantial wage premium in comparison to both bachelor’s (19.79–20.96%) and specialist’s (12.64–13.41%) degrees. Moreover, specialist degree offers a 7.16–7.55% higher wage premium than bachelor’s degree.Practical implicationsWe identify a hierarchical pattern in the returns associated with different levels of higher education in Russia, specifically “bachelor-specialist-master.” These findings indicate that each level of education in Russia serves as a distinct signal in the labor market, facilitating employers' ability to differentiate between workers. From a policy perspective, our results suggest the potential benefits of offering opportunities to transition from specialist’s to master’s degrees on a tuition-free basis. Such a policy may enhance access to advanced education and potentially lead to higher returns for individuals in the labor market.Originality/valueThere are many studies on returns to higher education in Russia. However, just few of them estimate the returns to different levels of higher education. Also, these studies usually do not address the issue of the endogeneity arising because of self-selection into different levels of education. Our structural econometric model allows addressing for this issue and provides consistent estimates of returns to different levels of education under the assumption that individuals with higher propensity to education obtain higher levels of education.

Background: Several studies report that certain factors such as socioeconomic status, living alone or being alone at onset of symptoms play a role in late arrival at hospitals thereby decreasing the ultimate success of medical interventions for stroke patients. There is little research about the influence of educational level upon early arrival in patients with acute stroke. We hypothesized that higher educational level is associated with early arrivals in patients with acute stroke. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study to evaluate consecutive patients admitted with a new stroke in 19 hospitals in Fortaleza, Brazil, from April 2009 to April 2012. Educational attainment was categorized into 5 levels: no school attendance, less than secondary school graduation, secondary school graduation, bachelor's degree and master's or doctorate degree. Multiple logistic regressions were used to investigate the influence of epidemiologic and clinical data on the frequency of early arrival (defined as hospital arrival within 4.5 hours from symptoms onset). Results: We evaluated 4679 patients (48% males, mean age: 67.67± 14.48). Ischemic stroke was the most frequent subtype (74.9%) followed by intraparenchymal hemorrhage (14.5%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (5.1%), transient ischemic attack (2.8%), and undetermined stroke (2.7%). A total of 1128 (24.1%) patients arrived within 4.5 hours from symptoms onset. Higher educational level was a predictor of early hospital arrival (p= 0.01). Other univariate predictors of early hospital arrival included having a decreased level of consciousness at presentation OR 1.36 [1.17-1.58], p<0.01, having a hemorrhagic stroke OR 1.46 [1.19-1.79] p<0.01, having a transient ischemic attack OR 2.2 [1.50-3.49] and arriving by emergency medical services (EMS) OR 0.37 [0.31-0.44]. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, educational level just remains as an independent predictor of early hospital arrival if arriving by EMS is not included in the model. Conclusions: Educational level is associated with early hospital arrival in patients with acute stroke. The association between educational level and early hospital arrival seems to be mediated by activation of the EMS.

Personal choices can be changed by educating citizens. Education and learning are decisive factors in shaping the society and its spatial forms, where higher education level is an important proxy to assess the awareness level of people about current issues, such as sustainable transportation. Linking education and travel behaviour can inspire future urban policies to provide modal shift towards sustainable modes. The paper aimed to evaluate the influence of education level on mode choices for 45 cities from 29 countries. In general, education level was controlled by population density and GDP per capita, which are the parameters significantly influencing travel behavior. The main result has demonstrated that an increase in the higher education level is connected with dropping the modal share of driving in cities more than any change in other studied factors, while an increase in population density reduces driving more than an increase in GDP per capita. The results have been assessed and it was showed that higher education level considerably affects travel mode choice in cities. Thus, educating citizens is an important path to reduce car dependency.

The purpose of the study: to analyze the effect of education on the attitude to compliance with the doctor's recommendations by surgical patients.Materials and methods. Information was obtained through an anonymous questionnaire of 401 inpatient patients. Two comparison groups were formed: 221 people had higher or unfinished higher education, and 180 people had secondary or secondary-special education. Among the patients studied, there were no those who had a professional medical education. Three age groups stood out: 23-44 years old, 45-59 years old and 60 years old and older. Since higher education can only be obtained by the age of 22-23 and the use of younger age groups in this case is incorrect.Results. Regardless of gender, the general trend was a decrease in the specific gravity of those who comply with doctor's appointments with increasing age. Among men in all age groups, patients with a high level of education performed prescriptions and recommendations of the doctor more often, than low-education patients, and among women, high-education patients performed physician prescriptions and recommendations more frequently, than patients with low levels of education only in the young and middle age groups, and in the older age group, the proportion of those who always fulfill the prescriptions of a doctor in full among women with a high level of education is reduced by increasing the proportion of those performing the prescriptions of a doctor only if he considers it necessary. The same patterns, in general, are observed in relation to the implementation of the principles of a healthy lifestyle. But in men, the influence of education level is manifested after 45 years and in the middle and older age groups the number of those who perform them only if they consider it necessary increases. In women, the influence of educational level on the frequency of implementation of the principles of a healthy lifestyle is more pronounced in all age groups. Also, like men, with increasing age, the proportion of women who believe that it is necessary to fulfill doctor's appointments only if they themselves consider it necessary.

Salud percibida y nivel educativo en España: tendencias por comunidades autónomas y sexo (2001-2012)

It is necessary to transform the social economy through digital technology while also paying attention to the changes in Social Trust (ST) caused by the quality of human education and the impact on human society and economic development. Based on the ST mechanism of blockchain, this paper explores the impact of blockchain on the market scale by taking the scale of market investment and financing as the mapping index. Based on the influence of education level on ST, the development trend of personal education level on ST and trust recognition are investigated by questionnaire survey. The research results show that blockchain’s market size and growth rate still show a rapid growth trend. The use of Blockchain Technology (BT) has increased the trust of traditional society by 47.13%. The ST degree of university education level is between 2.85~3.85. The standard deviation of doctoral ST is the largest. The influence coefficient of university education level on ST is above 0.1 due to the influence of the respondent by the “second type of education” of society, which has a significant impact on ST. The level of education in primary, secondary, and vocational schools does not affect ST, and an increase in the level of education will correspondingly increase the level of ST. This paper analyzes the impact of blockchain and education level on the ST mechanism and promotes the development of BT platforms and operating systems. This paper builds a common trust social relationship platform based on blockchain and next-generation information technology for the current information technology stage to enter a new stage of the digital economy and ST.

Early impairments in spoken discourse abilities have been identified in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the impact of AD on spoken discourse and the associated neuroanatomical correlates have mainly been studied in populations with higher levels of education, although preliminary evidence seems to indicate that socioeconomic status (SES) and level of education have an impact on spoken discourse. The purpose of this study was to analyze microstructural variables in spoken discourse in people with AD with low-to-middle SES and low level of education and to study their association with gray matter (GM) density. Nine women with AD and 10 matched (age, SES, and education) women without brain injury (WWBI) underwent a neuropsychological assessment, which included two spoken discourse tasks, and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Microstructural variables were extracted from the discourse samples using NILC-Metrix software. Brain density, measured by voxel-based morphometry, was compared between groups and then correlated with the differentiating microstructural variables. The AD group produced a lower diversity of verbal time moods and fewer words and sentences than WWBI but a greater diversity of pronouns, prepositions, and lexical richness. At the neural level, the AD group presented a lower GM density bilaterally in the hippocampus, the inferior temporal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate gyrus. Number of words and sentences produced were associated with GM density in the left parahippocampal gyrus, whereas the diversity of verbal moods was associated with the basal ganglia and the anterior cingulate gyrus bilaterally. The present findings are mainly consistent with previous studies conducted in groups with higher levels of SES and education, but they suggest that atrophy in the left inferior temporal gyrus could be critical in AD in populations with lower levels of SES and education. This research provides evidence on the importance of pursuing further studies including people with various SES and education levels. Spoken discourse has been shown to be affected in Alzheimer disease, but most studies have been conducted on individuals with middle-to-high SES and high educational levels. The study reports on microstructural measures of spoken discourse in groups of women in the early stage of AD and healthy women, with low-to-middle SES and lower levels of education. This study highlights the importance of taking into consideration the SES and education level in spoken discourse analysis and in investigating the neural correlates of AD. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24905046.

The association of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well known, but data on the influence of education level on mortality in individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF) are scarce. We investigated education level as a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients diagnosed with AF. This retrospective cohort study used a database created from several Swedish nationwide registries to identify all patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of AF hospitalized from 1995 to 2008. Education level was categorized as primary, secondary, and academic. All-cause mortality risk was estimated in subpopulations defined by the Charlson Comorbidity Index and several comorbidities. A total of 272,182 patients (56% male; mean age 72 ± 10 years) were followed for five years. Cox regression models showed a reduction in all-cause mortality risk with increased education level. Hazard ratios (HR) relative to primary education remained significant after stratification and adjustment for several confounders: secondary education HR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.86–0.89; P < 0.001; academic education HR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.67–0.72; P < 0.001. Subpopulation analyses confirmed a significant reduction in relative risk with higher education level. Targeted screening and education programs could be effective in reducing mortality in AF patients with fewer years of formal education.

Aims: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the intricate connection between parental educational levels and the development of hard skills among secondary school children in Sri Lanka. Specifically, the study aims to explore the disparities in hard skills based on both fathers' and mothers' highest educational levels, considering the nuanced interplay between these factors Study Design: The research employs a Two-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to examine the relationships between parental educational levels and hard skills development in secondary school children. The study utilizes a sample of 1350 participants, selected through stratified random sampling to ensure a diverse socioeconomic representation. The research design incorporates a structured questionnaire, validated for reliability, to assess students' perceptions of the enhancement of hard skills and socioeconomic status. The study is conducted in secondary schools across Sri Lanka. The duration of data collection spans a specified period to ensure comprehensive insights into the nuanced relationship between parental education and hard skills development among students. Methodology: The research methodology involves administering a structured questionnaire to the selected sample, probing into students' perceptions of hard skills development and their socioeconomic backgrounds. Two-Way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is employed to analyze the data, allowing for a detailed examination of disparities in hard skills based on both fathers' and mothers' highest educational levels. Results: The findings reveal significant differences in students' hard skills based on the educational level of fathers, with those having tertiary-educated fathers exhibiting the highest mean scores. Surprisingly, the mother's highest education level does not yield significant differences in hard skills. Importantly, a significant interaction is observed between fathers' and mothers' educational levels, emphasizing their joint influence on students' educational well-being and the enhancement of hard skills. Conclusion: This study underscores the crucial role of both parents' educational backgrounds in shaping the development of hard skills among secondary school children in Sri Lanka.

This study employed the uses and gratifications approach to examine children’s choice of gaming genres. The measure of prosocial behavioral tendency was used as an approximation of a child’s offline gratification, and this was related to the exposure to three different genres of games (violent, aggressive and prosocial). The influence of education level was also taken into consideration. Data was compiled and analyzed from a survey conducted on Singaporean schoolchildren (N = 2,640). Overall results supported the supplementary model of gratification seeking behavior. Children with higher prosocial scores spent significantly less time playing violent and aggressive games, whereas children of a higher education level spent more time playing games of all genres. The results are presented and discussed.KeywordsUses and GratificationsGamesProsocial Orientations

This study aims to determine parents' expectations of children's education in the perspective of economic education in Beroanging Village, West Bangkala District, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This study is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The informants in this study were parents who had school-age children at the elementary, junior high, high school, and university levels which were determined purposively based on the criteria of parents who had a high level of economic status but low education, parents who had a high level of education, and elderly who have a low level of education and social status. The results of this study indicate that parents' expectations of children's education in the perspective of economic education in Beroanging Village are divided into three, namely the expectations of parents who consider education as an investment are parents who have a low level of education but a high level of economic status, expectations of education as an economic good or consumption are parents who have a low level of education and economic status, and the expectation of education as a consumption good as well as an investment is parents with a high level of education. Keywords : Ekspektasi Orang Tua, Pendidikan Anak, Pendidikan Ekonomi Informal

The main aim of the paper is to investigate the influence of formal education level on decision-making process when choosing a tourist destination based on multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The survey was conducted on the sample of 252 respondents from Bačka region (Vojvodina/Serbia). Also, this study strives to examine the influence of education level on decision-making process including all five phases of decision-making process: need awareness, information search, alternatives estimation, purchase and purchase evaluation, applied to the process of choosing coastal regions as tourist destinations. The study shows that education level is related to four out of five phases of decision-making process (only in case of need awareness there is no statistically significant difference). This is especially important for creation of a marketing platform with promotional activities adjusted to different market segments differentiated by education level. Moreover, the study discusses differences in behaviour of different educational groups while choosing travel destinations.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Dutch Heart Foundation and ZonMw Goal setting within cardiac care: the effect of linking life goals to health goals on intention to change lifestyle in patients. Background Initiating and maintaining a healthy lifestyle is difficult and often needs several attempts. Reaching health goals may become easier if linked to life goals (see Fig.1). Life goals, also described as abstract, long-term goals, reflect objectives that matter to people personally. Guidelines recommend goal setting to realise behaviour change in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, research is inconclusive about whether positive effects of lifestyle interventions can be attributed to linking life goals to health goals or to other intervention elements. Purpose This experimental study examines the effect of linking a life goal to a health goal on intention to change lifestyle in patients with CVD. Methods Research panel members of a CVD patient association were recruited for the online study via advertisement on the association’s website. Patients were randomised and controlled into two groups: setting a health goal (HG) and setting a health goal linked to a life goal (+LG). Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (see Fig.2) and previous research, main outcome measure ‘intention to change lifestyle’ was assessed using a visual analogue scale ranging 0-10 (low to high). Effect of group (HG vs +LG) on intention to change lifestyle (high vs low) was analysed using logistic regression. Gender, age, education level, and type of CVD were entered as possible effect modifiers. Results Patients (N=628) were mostly male (61%), with a mean age of 69±35 years, and medium (33%) or high (47%) education level. In both groups, HG and +LG, 47% of the patients expressed high intention to change lifestyle. Logistic regression showed no effect of group (HG vs +LG) on intention, OR:0.98 (95%CI: 0.72–1.35, p=0.92). Only education level appeared to be an effect modifier, X²(2):8.2, p=0.02; showing that linking a life goal to a health goal was effective in patients with a high education level. Contrary to this, setting a life goal negatively affected intention in patients with a low education level. Among patients with a high education level, percentage of 'high intention' was higher in the +LG group (57%) than in the HG group (45%). In contrast, among patients with a low education level, percentage of 'high intention' was higher in the HG group (48%) than in the +LG group (36%). Conclusions This study showed no main effect of linking a life goal to a health goal on patients’ intention to change lifestyle. Education level was found to be a significant effect modifier. Patients with a high education level significantly benefitted from linking a life goal to a health goal. Patients with lower education levels benefitted most from setting only a health goal. In conclusion, within practice, health care providers may personalise their approach towards goal setting based on patients’ education level.

To examine the influence of education and marital status on dietary intake, body mass index, waist hip ratio, blood pressure, fasting and 2 h glucose, and lipid profile in adult Hong Kong Chinese. Randomized age and sex stratified survey. One thousand and ten subjects aged 25-74 y (500 men, 510 women) recruited for the 1995-96 Hong Kong Dietary and Cardiovascular Risk Prevalence Survey. Dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency method. Information on education level and marital status was included in the questionnaire. Anthropometry and biochemical parameters were measured using standard methods. After adjustment for age, higher levels of education are associated with higher percentage protein intake in men, higher percentage fat intake in women, higher nutrient density of fibre and calcium in both men and women, and higher nutrient density of protein, fat, niacin, vitamin D, and polyunsaturated fatty acid in women. Consumption of fruits was also higher in women, and that of dairy products higher in men. Body mass index and waist-hip ratio were lower with increasing levels of education in women, while lower mean systolic BP was observed in men. Single women had lower nutrient densities of vitamin D and iron, and lower consumption of vegetables and fish, compared with married women. Body mass index was lower in both single men and women. Single men had a better cardiovascular risk factor profile, in that diastolic BP, triglycerides and cholesterol/HDL ratio were lower, in addition to a lower body mass index. Higher education level is associated with a healthier diet and lower prevalence of overweight.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse differences in health by educational level in Spanish adults by comparing the health dimensions of the SF-36 Heath Survey. DESIGN: Data were taken from the National Survey...