Abstract
Neurofeedback is gaining widespread attention across clinical and research domains. As our knowledge of the brain and its enigmatic mechanisms increase, so does the interest in harnessing these mechanisms to promote improved mental processes and reduce symptomatic issues. Neuroscience advances and neurofeedback will continue to evolve into a primary focus for learning, performance, and reduction of symptoms in psychopathology. Likewise, electroencephalographic (EEG) and source localization techniques will improve our understanding and identification of biomarker EEG patterns to better identify and ultimately classify specific patterns associated with psychological and neurological syndromes. As technology and production of devices become more prevalent, there is a growing need to define the parameters used in neurofeedback, as well as to classify the processes into specific or nonspecific factors to avoid further confounds and problems across disciplines.
Highlights
Over the course of the past 50 years, and more recently, neurofeedback has been gaining interest and popularity in the public eye and across disciplines devoted to human mental wellness and performance
The term neurofeedback has been used widely in recent years in studies that target changes measured through techniques including electroencephalographic (EEG), current source density (CSD), functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional near-infrared spectroscopy and others (Hammond, 2011; Thibault, Lifshitz, Birbaumer, & Raz, 2015)
Operant conditioning (OC) describes how we develop behaviors that operate upon the environment
Summary
Over the course of the past 50 years, and more recently, neurofeedback has been gaining interest and popularity in the public eye and across disciplines devoted to human mental wellness and performance. Neurofeedback is not to be confused with neurostimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or any methodology that introduces a signal or pulse into the brain These methods cannot be considered operant conditioning and cannot be considered neurofeedback, because the stimuli involved are not contingent on any defined brain activity. Neurofeedback may be defined as the presentation of a stimulus change contingent on brain activity that meets a target-specific defined criterion At this time, three types of EEG neurofeedback can be described. There are the commercially available devices that a user takes home and wears, to improve subjective experiences, typically without clear targets or known functional correlates (e.g., focus, relaxation, stress reduction) These methods can be classified as neurofeedback of the entertainment type (NFET)
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